Hydrogel-Based Skin Regeneration
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Wound Healing Process
3. Approaches for Skin Wounds
4. Recent Strategies for Wound Healing and Skin Regeneration
5. Hydrogels for Wound Healing
6. Polymer Selection for Hydrogel
7. Natural Polymers
7.1. Collagen
Polymer Type | Disadvantages | Advantages | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Natural polymers | Poor Mechanical Strength | Biocompatibility | [31,32] |
Rapid Degradation | |||
Inflammatory Response | Biodegradability | ||
Potential Allergic Reactions | Cell Affinity | ||
Sourcing Challenges | Moisture Retention | ||
Limited Control over Properties | Angiogenic Properties | ||
Pathogen Contamination | |||
Synthetic polymers | Biocompatibility Concerns | Tunable Properties | [33,34] |
Tailored Biodegradability | |||
Inflammatory Responses | Consistent Composition | ||
Lack of Bioactivity | Mechanical Strength | ||
Potential Toxicity | Absorption Capacity | ||
Limited Water Retention | Pore Size Control | ||
Mechanical Weakness | Long Shelf Life | ||
Non-Natural Structure | High degree of sterility | ||
Customized Drug Delivery |
7.2. Chitosan
7.3. Hyaluronic Acid (HA)
7.4. Gelatin
7.5. Alginate
7.6. Dextran
7.7. Fibrin
7.8. Silk
8. Synthetic Polymers
8.1. Polyethylene Glycol (PEG)
8.2. Polydopamine (PDA)
8.3. Polyacrylamide (PAM)
8.4. Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)
8.5. Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC)
8.6. Carbopol
9. Hybrid Hydrogels
10. Biomimetic Hydrogels
11. Preparation of Hydrogels
11.1. Physical Cross-Linking
11.2. Chemical Cross-Linking
12. Wound Healing Hydrogels Based on the Needs of the Skin Healing Process
12.1. Hemostasis
12.2. Antibacterial Properties
12.3. Anti-Inflammatory Properties
12.4. Antioxidant Properties
12.5. Angiogenesis
13. Wound Care Products in the Market
14. Summary and Outlook
- They must have advanced mechanical features so that they can withstand the dynamic nature of wound environments.
- Designing smart hydrogels can enable hydrogels to dynamically respond to changes in the wound environment and adapt properties based on specific healing stages.
- They must have advanced drug delivery capability and be effective with the controlled release of therapeutic agents to promote healing and prevent infections.
- The development of hydrogels with suitable degradation profiles can address concerns about their durability and possible removal methods.
- The hydrogel formulation must be tailored to the patient’s needs; considering factors such as skin type and wound characteristics can increase the formulation’s effectiveness and reduce side effects.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Product | Company | Components | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
NUSHIELD | Organogenesis in Canton, MA, USA | Comprising amnion, chorion, and a spongy layer | [130] |
APLIGRAFT | Organogenesis in Canton, MA, USA | Incorporating living keratinocytes and stem cells | [131] |
Pura PLay AM | Organogenesis in Canton, MA, USA | A collagen sheet treated with 0.1% poly hexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride | [132] |
DERMAGRAFT | Organogenesis in Canton, MA, USA | Featuring living fibroblasts seeded on a bioabsorbable scaffold | [133] |
AFFINITY | Organogenesis in Canton, MA, USA | Utilizing fresh amniotic membrane as a wound covering | [134] |
AMNIOFIX | MIMEDX in Marietta, GA, USA | Allograft consisting of amnion/chorion membrane | [135] |
GRAFIX and GRAFIX PL | OSIRIS (a part of Smith and Nephew), Columbia, MD, USA | Placental membrane, inclusive of mesenchymal stem cells | [136] |
STRAVIX and STARVIX PL | OSIRIS (a part of Smith and Nephew), Columbia, MD, USA | Umbilical tissue | [137] |
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Arabpour, Z.; Abedi, F.; Salehi, M.; Baharnoori, S.M.; Soleimani, M.; Djalilian, A.R. Hydrogel-Based Skin Regeneration. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 1982. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25041982
Arabpour Z, Abedi F, Salehi M, Baharnoori SM, Soleimani M, Djalilian AR. Hydrogel-Based Skin Regeneration. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(4):1982. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25041982
Chicago/Turabian StyleArabpour, Zohreh, Farshad Abedi, Majid Salehi, Seyed Mahbod Baharnoori, Mohammad Soleimani, and Ali R. Djalilian. 2024. "Hydrogel-Based Skin Regeneration" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 4: 1982. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25041982