Elevated Plasma Concentration of 4-Pyridone-3-carboxamide-1-β-D-ribonucleoside (4PYR) Highlights Malignancy of Renal Cell Carcinoma
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Characteristics of Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) Histopathologic Subtypes
2.2. Differential Plasma Nicotinamide Metabolic Pattern among RCC Histological Subtypes
2.3. Strong Association of 4PYR with the Clinical Factors of Progression and Highly Aggressive RCC Phenotype
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Patients
4.2. Determination of Patients’ Plasma Nicotinamide Metabolites
4.3. Assessment of Routine Prognostic Biochemical Parameters
4.4. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Control n = 50 | ccRCC n = 47 | P/Ch RCC n = 10 | Oncocytoma n = 8 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sex ratio (F/M) | 11/39 | 16/31 | 4/6 | 2/6 |
Age, years | 56 ± 3 | 63 ± 2 | 57 ± 5 | 72 ± 4 * |
Median age, years | 62 | 67 | 63 | 74 |
Comorbidity (n) | ||||
Hypertension | 21 | 13 | 0 | 3 |
Diabetes mellitus | 11 | 6 | 0 | 2 |
Dyslipidemia | 10 | 2 | 0 | 1 |
Ischemic heart disease | 4 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
Benign prostatic hyperplasia | 14 | 3 | 0 | 2 |
Rheumatoid arthritis | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Biochemical data | ||||
hsCRP, mg/dL | 0.37 ± 0.05 | 2.69 ± 0.82 ** | 0.31 ± 0.08 | 0.4 ± 0.12 |
CHOL, mg/dL | 148 ± 4.65 | 142 ± 6.67 | 146 ± 12.10 | 139 ± 7.78 |
ALB, g/dL | 3.54 ± 0.04 | 3.4 ± 0.08 | 3.62 ± 0.10 | 3.61 ± 0.10 |
ALP, U/L | 108 ± 4.88 | 145 ± 12.90 * | 111 ± 12.20 | 123.5 ± 14.40 |
Ca, mg/dL | 6.94 ± 0.06 | 7.18 ± 0.11 | 7.01 ± 0.24 | 7.07 ± 0.13 |
LDH, U/L | 310 ± 12.20 | 317 ± 11.60 | 337 ± 25.80 | 342 ± 26.70 |
Urea, mg/dL | 34 ± 1.29 | 34.2 ± 1.69 | 40.7 ± 7.50 | 31.4 ± 2.35 |
GPS score | 0.65 ± 0.09 | 0.57 ± 0.13 | 0.2 ± 0.2 | 0.13 ± 0.13 |
mGPS score | 0.19 ± 0.08 | 0.57 ± 0.13 * | 0.2 ± 0.2 | 0.13 ± 0.13 |
HS-GPS score | 0.58 ± 0.12 | 0.89 ± 0.13 $ | 0.2 ± 0.2 | 0.63 ± 0.26 |
Neoplasia characteristics | ||||
Tumor size, cm | na. | 6.16 ± 0.59 # | 3.49 ± 0.6 | 2.38 ± 0.24 |
Nephrectomy (no/yes) | na. | 9/38 | 1/9 | 2/6 |
Metastatic (no/yes) | na. | 28/16 | 9/1 | 6/0 |
Recurrence (no/yes) | na. | 25/19 | 9/1 | 7/1 |
Survival (no/yes) | na. | 15/29 | 0/10 | 0/7 |
Parameters | NA | Nicotinic Acid | MNA | 4PYR | Met2PY | Met4PY | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
r | p | r | p | r | p | r | p | r | p | r | p | |
hsCRP, mg/dL | −0.04 | ns | −0.11 | ns | −0.09 | ns | 0.35 | * | 0.22 | ns | −0.20 | ns |
CHOL, mg/dL | −0.06 | ns | −0.08 | ns | −0.22 | ns | −0.35 | * | −0.18 | ns | 0.10 | ns |
ALB, g/dL | 0.05 | ns | 0.1 | ns | −0.32 | * | −0.29 | ns | −0.03 | ns | 0.16 | ns |
ALP, U/L | −0.32 | * | −0.24 | ns | −0.40 | * | 0.30 | ns | 0.25 | ns | 0.04 | ns |
Ca, mg/dL | 0.05 | ns | 0.02 | ns | −0.24 | ns | 0.11 | ns | 0.22 | ns | 0.03 | ns |
LDH, U/L | 0.11 | ns | 0.20 | ns | 0.04 | ns | 0.14 | ns | −0.04 | ns | 0.09 | ns |
Urea, mg/dL | 0.16 | ns | 0.17 | ns | −0.05 | ns | 0.16 | ns | 0.71 | **** | 0.15 | ns |
Tumor size, cm | −0.08 | ns | −0.04 | ns | 0.04 | ns | 0.45 | ** | 0.19 | ns | 0.05 | ns |
GPS score | −0.01 | ns | 0.01 | ns | −0.01 | ns | 0.33 | * | 0.15 | ns | −0.06 | ns |
mGPS score | −0.09 | ns | −0.01 | ns | −0.03 | ns | 0.35 | * | 0.18 | ns | 0.02 | ns |
HS-mGPS score | −0.03 | ns | −0.04 | ns | −0.07 | ns | 0.33 | * | 0.26 | ns | −0.09 | ns |
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Jedrzejewska, A.; Jablonska, P.; Gawlik-Jakubczak, T.; Czajkowski, M.; Maszka, P.; Mierzejewska, P.; Smolenski, R.T.; Slominska, E.M. Elevated Plasma Concentration of 4-Pyridone-3-carboxamide-1-β-D-ribonucleoside (4PYR) Highlights Malignancy of Renal Cell Carcinoma. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 2359. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25042359
Jedrzejewska A, Jablonska P, Gawlik-Jakubczak T, Czajkowski M, Maszka P, Mierzejewska P, Smolenski RT, Slominska EM. Elevated Plasma Concentration of 4-Pyridone-3-carboxamide-1-β-D-ribonucleoside (4PYR) Highlights Malignancy of Renal Cell Carcinoma. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(4):2359. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25042359
Chicago/Turabian StyleJedrzejewska, Agata, Patrycja Jablonska, Teresa Gawlik-Jakubczak, Mateusz Czajkowski, Patrycja Maszka, Paulina Mierzejewska, Ryszard T. Smolenski, and Ewa M. Slominska. 2024. "Elevated Plasma Concentration of 4-Pyridone-3-carboxamide-1-β-D-ribonucleoside (4PYR) Highlights Malignancy of Renal Cell Carcinoma" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 4: 2359. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25042359