Lumican, a Multifunctional Cell Instructive Biomarker Proteoglycan Has Novel Roles as a Marker of the Hypercoagulative State of Long Covid Disease
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Lumican as a Structural Component of the ECM
3. Lumican as a Mediator, Inhibitor and Regulator
4. Lumican in Fibrotic Tissue Pathology
5. Lumican and Lung Pathobiology
6. Lumican and Neurodegenerative Disorders
7. Lumican and Musculoskeletal Disease
8. Lumican and Cancer
9. Lumican and Retinal Homeostasis
10. Lumican and Peridontal Disease
11. Lumican, Liver and Kidney Disease
12. Lumican and Reproductive Processes
13. Lumican and Adipocyte Regulation
14. Lumican and Vascular Disease
15. Lumican in Virally Induced Fibrinaloid Microclots
16. Lumican as a Biomarker
17. Future Research on the Modulatory Cell Instructive Properties of Keratan Sulphate
18. The Potential Significance of SLRPs Containing Low-Sulphation KS Chains
19. The Discriminative Power of the Sulfation Status of the KS Side Chains of KS-SLRPs Is an Untapped Analytical Parameter Yet to Be Fully Utilized in Biomarker Studies
20. Instructive Variably Sulfated Keratocan and Lumican in Embryonic Neural Guidance
21. Pathobiological Information Provided by the KS Chains of PGs Other Than Lumican
22. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AAD | Abdominal aortic dissections |
AD | Aortic dissection |
AKT | Protein kinase B, refers to spontaneous thymic lymphoma AKR mice |
ALK5 | Activin receptor like kinase |
AMI | Acute myocardial infarction |
ASK1 | Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 |
ATP | Adenosine triphosphate |
BBB | Blood brain barrier |
CA | Coronary artery |
CAD | Chronic aortic dissection |
CXCL1 | Chemokine ligand 1 |
DAMPS | Damage associated molecular patterns |
ECM | Extracellular matrix |
ERK | Extracellular signal regulated kinase |
FAK | Focal adhesion kinase |
GAG | Glycosaminoglycan |
GSK | Glycogen synthase kinase |
IVDD | Intervertebral disc degeneration |
JNK | c-Jun N-terminal kinase |
KS | Keratan sulfate |
LBP | Low back pain |
LRR | Leucine rich repeat |
MAb | Monoclonal antibody |
MAPK | Mitogen activated protein kinase |
MMP | Matrix metalloprotease |
OA | Osteoarthritis |
PAMPS | Pathogen associated molecular patterns |
PG | Proteoglycan |
PODXL | Podocalyxin |
PRP | Platelet rich plasma |
PSA | Prostate specific antigen |
SLRP | Small leucine repeat proteoglycan |
SMC | Smooth muscle cell |
TLR | Toll-like receptor |
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Condition | Population (n) | Change in Lumican | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
In plasma by proteomics and/or ELISA | |||
Knee osteoarthritis (OA) | Patients (173) | Positively associated with joint space narrowing | [134] |
Sepsis | Patients (11) vs. healthy (17) | Higher in sepsis than healthy p < 0.01 | [135] |
Lung adenocarcinoma | Patients (102) | Higher with poorer prognosis | [136] |
Metastatic prostate cancer | Patients (62) | Higher with poorer prognosis | [137] |
Pancreatic cancer | Patients (40) vs. healthy controls (20) | Higher in cancer | [138] |
Bed rest | Healthy males (10) | Decreased with rest | [139] |
In serum by proteomics and/or ELISA | |||
Back pain | OA patients (731) | Higher in group with more pain and inflammation | [64] |
IVDD and disc space narrowing | OA patients (723) | Higher with advancing IVDD | [65] |
Knee and hip OA | Patients with no (50), moderate (50) or severe OA (50) | Higher in severe OA | [140] |
Coronary artery disease | Stable angina pectoris (255) | Higher in advanced disease 0.6 ng/mL vs. 0.4 ng/mL, p < 0.001 | [115] |
Aortic dissection (AD) | Aortic or aneurysm surgery patients (58) | Positively associated with unfavourable p.o. outcome | [141] |
Acute aortic dissection (AAD) | AAD patients (14) vs. chronic AD (CAD; 3) | Higher in AAD vs. CAD. | [130] |
Acute aortic dissection (AAD) | AAD patients (26) vs. non-AAD (144) | Higher in AAD vs. non-AAD. | [129] |
Acute aortic dissection (AAD) | AAD patients (20) vs. healthy (20) | Higher in AAD vs. healthy. | [119] |
Acute aortic dissection (AAD) | AAD patients (60) vs. AMI * (30) vs. healthy (30) | Higher in AAD vs. AMI or healthy. | |
Carotid artery (CA) atherosclerosis | Patients with (105) or without (71) CA plaque | Higher with CA plaque | [116] |
Arterial pressure in obese children | Patients (n = 68) | Positively correlated with higher pressure | [142] |
Chronic kidney disease (IgN nephropathy) | Patients (60) vs. controls (43) | Downregulated in advanced disease | [143] |
Prostate cancer | Men undergoing radical prostatectomy (557) | In a multivariate model with other biomarkers, predicted recurrence | [144] |
Renal cell carcinoma | Patients (99) vs. healthy controls (18) | Positively associated with tumour grade | [145] |
Urothelial carcinoma | Patients (30) vs. healthy controls (30) | Higher in carcinoma than healthy p < 0.001 | [146] |
Uterine leiomyoma | Patients (6) vs. healthy (6) | Higher in leiomyoma than healthy | [147] |
In amniotic fluid by ELISA | |||
Preterm birth | Pregancies (252) | Positively associated with inflammation and/or microbial invasion; lower in preterm births | [148] |
Preterm birth | Pre-term (36) vs. full-term births (21) | Lower in preterm births | [149] |
In aqueous humor by proteomics and ELISA | |||
Idiopathic epiretinal membrane | Patients (10) vs. age-matched controls (10) | Correlated with central retinal thickness (r = 0.655; p = 0.002) | [89] |
In CSF by mass spectrometry | |||
Traumatic brain injury | Patients (16) vs. controls (11) | Negatively associated with favourable outcome | [150] |
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Smith, M.M.; Melrose, J. Lumican, a Multifunctional Cell Instructive Biomarker Proteoglycan Has Novel Roles as a Marker of the Hypercoagulative State of Long Covid Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 2825. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25052825
Smith MM, Melrose J. Lumican, a Multifunctional Cell Instructive Biomarker Proteoglycan Has Novel Roles as a Marker of the Hypercoagulative State of Long Covid Disease. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(5):2825. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25052825
Chicago/Turabian StyleSmith, Margaret M., and James Melrose. 2024. "Lumican, a Multifunctional Cell Instructive Biomarker Proteoglycan Has Novel Roles as a Marker of the Hypercoagulative State of Long Covid Disease" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 5: 2825. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25052825