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Article

Anabolic Steroids Activate the NF-κB Pathway in Porcine Ovarian Putative Stem Cells Independently of the ZIP-9 Receptor

by
Kamil Wartalski
1,
Jerzy Wiater
1,
Patrycja Maciak
2,
Agnieszka Pastuła
3,
Grzegorz J. Lis
1,
Marcin Samiec
4,*,
Monika Trzcińska
4 and
Małgorzata Duda
2,*
1
Department of Histology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 7 Street, 31-034 Krakow, Poland
2
Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 9 Street, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
3
Department of Genetics and Evolutionism, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 9 Street, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
4
Department of Reproductive Biotechnology and Cryoconservation, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1 Street, 32-083 Balice, Poland
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(5), 2833; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25052833
Submission received: 18 January 2024 / Revised: 13 February 2024 / Accepted: 27 February 2024 / Published: 29 February 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Mechanisms of Somatic Cell Cloning and Other Assisted Reproductive Technologies in Mammals)
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Abstract

Boldenone (Bdn) and nandrolone (Ndn) are anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs) that, as our previous studies have shown, may increase the risk of neoplastic transformation of porcine ovarian putative stem cells (poPSCs). The NF-κB pathway may be important in the processes of carcinogenesis and tumour progression. Therefore, in this work, we decided to test the hypothesis of whether Bdn and Ndn can activate the NF-κB pathway by acting through the membrane androgen receptor ZIP-9. For this purpose, the expression profiles of both genes involved in the NF-κB pathway and the gene coding for the ZIP-9 receptor were checked. The expression and localization of proteins of this pathway in poPSCs were also examined. Additionally, the expression of the ZIP-9 receptor and the concentration of the NF-κB1 and 2 protein complex were determined. Activation of the NF-κB pathway was primarily confirmed by an increase in the relative abundances of phosphorylated forms of RelA protein and IκBα inhibitor. Reduced quantitative profiles pinpointed not only for genes representing this pathway but also for unphosphorylated proteins, and, simultaneously, decreased concentration of the NF-κB1 and 2 complex may indicate post-activation silencing by negative feedback. However, the remarkably and sustainably diminished expression levels noticed for the SLC39A9 gene and ZIP-9 protein suggest that this receptor does not play an important role in the regulation of the NF-κB pathway.
Keywords: pig; ovary; putative stem cells; NF-κB signalling pathway; ZIP-9; boldenone; nandrolone pig; ovary; putative stem cells; NF-κB signalling pathway; ZIP-9; boldenone; nandrolone

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MDPI and ACS Style

Wartalski, K.; Wiater, J.; Maciak, P.; Pastuła, A.; Lis, G.J.; Samiec, M.; Trzcińska, M.; Duda, M. Anabolic Steroids Activate the NF-κB Pathway in Porcine Ovarian Putative Stem Cells Independently of the ZIP-9 Receptor. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 2833. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25052833

AMA Style

Wartalski K, Wiater J, Maciak P, Pastuła A, Lis GJ, Samiec M, Trzcińska M, Duda M. Anabolic Steroids Activate the NF-κB Pathway in Porcine Ovarian Putative Stem Cells Independently of the ZIP-9 Receptor. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(5):2833. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25052833

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wartalski, Kamil, Jerzy Wiater, Patrycja Maciak, Agnieszka Pastuła, Grzegorz J. Lis, Marcin Samiec, Monika Trzcińska, and Małgorzata Duda. 2024. "Anabolic Steroids Activate the NF-κB Pathway in Porcine Ovarian Putative Stem Cells Independently of the ZIP-9 Receptor" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 5: 2833. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25052833

APA Style

Wartalski, K., Wiater, J., Maciak, P., Pastuła, A., Lis, G. J., Samiec, M., Trzcińska, M., & Duda, M. (2024). Anabolic Steroids Activate the NF-κB Pathway in Porcine Ovarian Putative Stem Cells Independently of the ZIP-9 Receptor. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(5), 2833. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25052833

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