Mechanisms of Action of Dorsal Root Ganglion Stimulation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. DRG Anatomy
2.1. DRG Neurons Are Pseudo-Unipolar
2.2. DRG Size
2.3. DRG Soma Size
2.4. DRG Position in the Foramina
2.5. DRG Vasculature
2.6. DRG Stimulation (DRG-S) versus Spinal Cord Stimulation (SCS)
2.7. Clinical Applications of DRG-S
3. DRG Mechanisms
3.1. Effects at T-Junction
3.2. Effect on Nociceptive Neurons: Suppressing PSN Hyperexcitability
3.3. Effect on Glial Cells
3.4. Orthodromic and Antidromic Effects
3.5. Effects on GABA
3.6. Supraspinal Effects
3.7. Effects on Ion Channels
3.8. Reversal of Cytokine Release
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AP | Action potentials |
BOLD | Blood oxygen-level dependent |
CGRP | Calcitonin gene-related peptide |
CNS | Central nervous system |
CRPS | Complex regional pain syndrome |
CSF | Cerebrospinal fluid |
DBS | Deep brain stimulation |
DRG | Dorsal root ganglion |
DRG-S | Dorsal root ganglion stimulation |
DRR | Dorsal root reflex |
FBSS | Failed back surgery syndrome |
FDA | Food and Drug Administration |
fMRI | Functional magnetic resonance imaging |
GABA | Gamma-aminobutyric acid |
GFAP | Glial fibrillary acidic protein |
LEP | Laser-evoked potential |
LTMR | Low-threshold mechanoreceptor |
NSLBP | Non-surgical low back pain |
PDPN | Painful diabetic polyneuropathy |
PNS | Peripheral nervous system |
PSN | Primary sensory neurons |
RCT | Randomized controlled trial |
SCS | Spinal cord stimulation |
SGC | Satellite glial cells |
SMPO | Subthreshold membrane potential oscillations |
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Abd-Elsayed, A.; Vardhan, S.; Aggarwal, A.; Vardhan, M.; Diwan, S.A. Mechanisms of Action of Dorsal Root Ganglion Stimulation. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 3591. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25073591
Abd-Elsayed A, Vardhan S, Aggarwal A, Vardhan M, Diwan SA. Mechanisms of Action of Dorsal Root Ganglion Stimulation. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(7):3591. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25073591
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbd-Elsayed, Alaa, Swarnima Vardhan, Abhinav Aggarwal, Madhurima Vardhan, and Sudhir A. Diwan. 2024. "Mechanisms of Action of Dorsal Root Ganglion Stimulation" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 7: 3591. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25073591