The Probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri Preferentially Synthesizes Kynurenic Acid from Kynurenine
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. L-KYN Uptake into Live L. reuteri
2.2. Basal Levels and De Novo Production of KYNA, 3-HK and ANA
2.3. Optimization of De Novo synthesis of KYNA from L-KYN by Live L. reuteri
2.4. Pharmacological Regulation of KYNA Production in Live L. reuteri
2.5. KYNA Production in Homogenized Bacteria
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Materials
4.2. Preparation of the Bacteria
4.3. L-KYN Uptake by Live Bacteria
4.4. KYNA, 3-HK and ANA Production by Live Bacteria
4.5. KYNA Synthesis in Lysed L. reuteri Cells
4.6. KYNA, 3-HK and ANA Measurement
4.7. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Test Compound | Kynurenine Uptake (% of Control) |
---|---|
Leucine | 115.3 ± 13.5 |
Tryptophan | 109.7 ± 14.0 |
Valine | 111.5 ± 11.9 |
Isoleucine | 123.1 ± 4.4 |
Phenylalanine | 131.5 ± 11.1 |
2-Amino-2-norbornanecarboxylic acid (BCH) | 116.2 ± 6.2 |
Putative Substrates and Inhibitors | KYNA Production (% of Control) |
---|---|
Glutamine (10 mM) | 109.5 ± 1.2 |
α-Aminoadipate (10 mM) | 110.9 ± 3.4 |
Aspartate (10 mM) | 74.7 ± 3.7 ** |
AOAA (1 mM) | 0.3 ± 0.6 **** |
BFF-122 (1 mM) | 30.3 ± 8.4 **** |
PF-04859989 (100 µM) | 8.8 ± 2.0 **** |
2-Oxoacids | KYNA Production (% of Control) |
---|---|
Pyruvate | 131.8 ± 11.1 |
α-Ketoglutarate | 123.7 ± 16.4 |
α-Ketoisocaproate | 151.0 ± 9.6 ** |
α-Ketoisovalerate | 188.7 ± 12.6 **** |
Oxaloacetate | 57.6 ± 4.9 * |
Putative Substrates and Inhibitors | KYNA Production (% of Control) |
---|---|
Glutamine (10 mM) | 89.1 ± 3.7 |
α-Aminoadipate (10 mM) | 79.6 ± 1.8 * |
Aspartate (10 mM) | 28.5 ± 2.2 **** |
BFF-122 (1 mM) | 5.9 ± 1.7 **** |
PF-04859989 (1 mM) | 12.2 ± 3.3 **** |
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Schwarcz, R.; Foo, A.; Sathyasaikumar, K.V.; Notarangelo, F.M. The Probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri Preferentially Synthesizes Kynurenic Acid from Kynurenine. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 3679. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25073679
Schwarcz R, Foo A, Sathyasaikumar KV, Notarangelo FM. The Probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri Preferentially Synthesizes Kynurenic Acid from Kynurenine. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(7):3679. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25073679
Chicago/Turabian StyleSchwarcz, Robert, Ann Foo, Korrapati V. Sathyasaikumar, and Francesca M. Notarangelo. 2024. "The Probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri Preferentially Synthesizes Kynurenic Acid from Kynurenine" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 7: 3679. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25073679