Synergistic Effect of Dietary Supplementation with Sodium Butyrate, β-Glucan and Vitamins on Growth Performance, Cortisol Level, Intestinal Microbiome and Expression of Immune-Related Genes in Juvenile African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Growth Parameters
2.2. Cortisol Level in Blood Plasma
2.3. Expression of Immune-Related Genes
2.4. Sequencing Data of Microbiome
2.5. Profile of Gut Microbiome
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. The Origin of the Experimental Fish
4.2. Initial Rearing
4.3. Experimental Feed
4.4. Description of the Experiment
4.5. Cyclic Measurement of Fish Body Weight and Length
4.6. Sampling Procedure
4.7. Analysis of Cortisol Level in the Blood Plasma
4.8. RNA Extraction and Immune Related Genes Expression
4.9. DNA Extraction, Metagenomic Sequencing and Bioinformatic Analysis of the Intestinal Microbiome
4.10. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Growth Parameters | Groups | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
C | W1 | W2 | W3 | |
IW (g) | 258.37 ± 70.86 | |||
IL (cm) | 30.72 ± 2.60 | |||
FW (g) | c 674.88 ± 147.44 | b 751.21 ± 161.41 | a 846.29 ± 182.25 | a 840.24 ± 198.51 |
FL (cm) | c 42.62 ± 2.64 | b 44.03 ± 2.49 | a 45.36 ± 2.81 | a 45.23 ± 2.88 |
WG (g) | c 416. 51 ± 147.44 | b 492.84 ± 161.41 | a 587.92 ± 182.25 | a 581.87 ± 198.51 |
LG (cm) | c 11.90 ± 2.64 | b 13.31 ± 2.49 | a 14.64 ± 2.81 | a 14.51 ± 2.88 |
SGR (%/d) | c 1.88 ± 0.24 | b 1.99 ± 0.22 | a 2.11 ± 0.21 | a 2.10 ± 0.23 |
K (g/cm3) | b 0.86 ± 0.08 | ab 0.87 ± 0.08 | a 0.90 ± 0.13 | a 0.89 ± 0.08 |
SR (%) | 99.33 ± 1.15 | 99.33 ± 1.15 | 98.67 ± 1.15 | 99.33 ± 1.15 |
Groups | Observations | Counts |
---|---|---|
C | 73.30 ± 13.76 | 71,891.20 ± 3860.08 |
W1 | 68.30 ± 13.35 | 80,012.90 ± 2251.85 |
W2 | 57.10 ± 6.63 | 85,198.20 ± 3295.04 |
W3 | 60.10 ± 15.34 | 85,028.30 ± 3073.70 |
Total number of counts taxonomically classified | 3,221,306 | |
Mean number of counts per sample | 80,532.65 ± 1753.031 | |
Total number of ASV | 513 |
Main Components | Groups | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
C | W1 | W2 | W3 | |
crude protein (%) | 39.05 | |||
crude fat (%) | 23.33 | |||
carbohydrates (%) | 18.19 | |||
crude fiber (%) | 2.70 | |||
raw ash (%) | 6.19 | |||
phosphorus (%) | 0.76 | |||
Active ingredient | ||||
sodium butyrate (mg/kg) | ND * | 50 | 150 | 50 |
β- glucan (mg/kg) | ND * | 20 | 20 | 60 |
vitamin C (mg/kg) | ND * | 30 | 30 | 30 |
vitamin E (mg/kg) | ND * | 10 | 10 | 10 |
vitamin K (mg/kg) | ND * | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 |
vitamin A (IU/kg) | ND * | 1200 | 1200 | 1200 |
vitamin D3 (IU/kg) | ND * | 800 | 800 | 800 |
Gene | Primer Sequences | Accession Number | References |
---|---|---|---|
β-actin | F: 5′ACCGGAGTCCATCACAATACCAGT 3′ R: 5′GAGCTGCGTGTTGCCCCTGAG 3′ | KJ722167.1 | [95] |
HSP70 | F: 5′CAAACGCAACACCACTATTCC 3′ R: 5′CATGGCTCTCTCACCTTCATAC 3′ | MH341527.1 | [95] |
IL-1β | F: 5′TGCAGTGAATCCAAGAGCTACAGC 3′ R: 5′CCACCTTTCAGAGTGAATGCCAGC 3′ | LC013677.1 | [95] |
TNFα | F: 5′TCTCAGGTCAATACAACCCGC 3′ R: 5′GAGGCCTTTGCGGAAAATCTTG 3′ | KM593875 | [100] |
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Arciuch-Rutkowska, M.; Nowosad, J.; Gil, Ł.; Czarnik, U.; Kucharczyk, D. Synergistic Effect of Dietary Supplementation with Sodium Butyrate, β-Glucan and Vitamins on Growth Performance, Cortisol Level, Intestinal Microbiome and Expression of Immune-Related Genes in Juvenile African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 4619. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25094619
Arciuch-Rutkowska M, Nowosad J, Gil Ł, Czarnik U, Kucharczyk D. Synergistic Effect of Dietary Supplementation with Sodium Butyrate, β-Glucan and Vitamins on Growth Performance, Cortisol Level, Intestinal Microbiome and Expression of Immune-Related Genes in Juvenile African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus). International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(9):4619. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25094619
Chicago/Turabian StyleArciuch-Rutkowska, Martyna, Joanna Nowosad, Łukasz Gil, Urszula Czarnik, and Dariusz Kucharczyk. 2024. "Synergistic Effect of Dietary Supplementation with Sodium Butyrate, β-Glucan and Vitamins on Growth Performance, Cortisol Level, Intestinal Microbiome and Expression of Immune-Related Genes in Juvenile African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus)" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 9: 4619. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25094619