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Article

Defense Responses Stimulated by Bacillus subtilis NCD-2 Through Salicylate- and Jasmonate-Dependent Signaling Pathways Protect Cotton Against Verticillium Wilt

by
Shaojing Mo
,
Weisong Zhao
,
Yarui Wei
,
Zhenhe Su
,
Shezeng Li
,
Xiuyun Lu
,
Xiaoyun Zhang
,
Yuanhang Qu
,
Peipei Wang
,
Lihong Dong
,
Jiaqi Zhang
,
Qinggang Guo
* and
Ping Ma
*
Key Laboratory of IPM on Crops in Northern Region of North China, Integrated Pest Management Innovation Centre of Hebei Province, Institute of Plant Protection, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Baoding 071000, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(7), 2987; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26072987
Submission received: 14 February 2025 / Revised: 21 March 2025 / Accepted: 21 March 2025 / Published: 25 March 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Plant Sciences)
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Abstract

Bacillus subtilis NCD-2 demonstrates exceptional biocontrol potential against cotton Verticillium wilt. While previous studies have established its direct antifungal activity (e.g., inhibiting Verticillium dahliae mycelial growth and spore germination), our work reveals a novel mechanism: NCD-2 primes systemic resistance in cotton by activating plant immune-signaling pathways. Firstly, transcriptional profiling uncovered that NCD-2 triggers a defense response in roots analogous to V. dahliae infection, allowing cotton to maintain a more balanced state when confronted with pathogen attacks. Meanwhile, the mutant strains ∆fen and ∆srf—defective in lipopeptide synthesis—also improved cotton resistance to Verticillium wilt by activating partially identical defense pathways in cotton roots. Furthermore, the application of lipopeptide compounds derived from NCD-2, particularly surfactin and fengycin, could enhance host resistance to V. dahliae. Using an RT-qPCR approach, we found that numerous resistance-related genes were induced by these lipopeptide compounds. The up-regulation of SA/JA pathway markers (e.g., NPR1, ICS1, COI1, and LOX1) revealed NCD-2’s activation of plant immune signaling. Using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), we conclusively linked SA and JA signaling to NCD-2-induced defense priming. Silencing either pathway abolished resistance, highlighting their indispensable coordination. By bridging mechanistic insights and agricultural applicability, our work positions NCD-2 as a sustainable alternative to conventional fungicides, addressing both crop productivity and environmental health.
Keywords: Bacillus subtilis NCD-2; cotton Verticillium wilt; biological control; induced resistance; signaling pathway Bacillus subtilis NCD-2; cotton Verticillium wilt; biological control; induced resistance; signaling pathway

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MDPI and ACS Style

Mo, S.; Zhao, W.; Wei, Y.; Su, Z.; Li, S.; Lu, X.; Zhang, X.; Qu, Y.; Wang, P.; Dong, L.; et al. Defense Responses Stimulated by Bacillus subtilis NCD-2 Through Salicylate- and Jasmonate-Dependent Signaling Pathways Protect Cotton Against Verticillium Wilt. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26, 2987. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26072987

AMA Style

Mo S, Zhao W, Wei Y, Su Z, Li S, Lu X, Zhang X, Qu Y, Wang P, Dong L, et al. Defense Responses Stimulated by Bacillus subtilis NCD-2 Through Salicylate- and Jasmonate-Dependent Signaling Pathways Protect Cotton Against Verticillium Wilt. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2025; 26(7):2987. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26072987

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mo, Shaojing, Weisong Zhao, Yarui Wei, Zhenhe Su, Shezeng Li, Xiuyun Lu, Xiaoyun Zhang, Yuanhang Qu, Peipei Wang, Lihong Dong, and et al. 2025. "Defense Responses Stimulated by Bacillus subtilis NCD-2 Through Salicylate- and Jasmonate-Dependent Signaling Pathways Protect Cotton Against Verticillium Wilt" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26, no. 7: 2987. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26072987

APA Style

Mo, S., Zhao, W., Wei, Y., Su, Z., Li, S., Lu, X., Zhang, X., Qu, Y., Wang, P., Dong, L., Zhang, J., Guo, Q., & Ma, P. (2025). Defense Responses Stimulated by Bacillus subtilis NCD-2 Through Salicylate- and Jasmonate-Dependent Signaling Pathways Protect Cotton Against Verticillium Wilt. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 26(7), 2987. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26072987

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