Evolution and Biogeographic History of Rubyspot Damselflies (Hetaerininae: Calopterygidae: Odonata)

Standring, Samantha; Sánchez-Herrera, Melissa; Guillermo-Ferreira, Rhainer; Ware, Jessica L.; Vega-Sánchez, Yesenia Margarita; Clement, Rebecca; Drury, Jonathan P.; Grether, Gregory F.; González-Rodríguez, Antonio; Mendoza-Cuenca, Luis; Bota-Sierra, Cornelio A.; Bybee, Seth

doi:10.3390/d14090757

Open AccessArticle

Evolution and Biogeographic History of Rubyspot Damselflies (Hetaerininae: Calopterygidae: Odonata)

by

Samantha Standring

^1,*,

Melissa Sánchez-Herrera

^2,3

,

Rhainer Guillermo-Ferreira

⁴,

Jessica L. Ware

³

,

Yesenia Margarita Vega-Sánchez

⁵

,

Rebecca Clement

⁶

,

Jonathan P. Drury

⁷

,

Gregory F. Grether

⁸

,

Antonio González-Rodríguez

⁵,

Luis Mendoza-Cuenca

⁹

,

Cornelio A. Bota-Sierra

^10,11

and

Seth Bybee

¹²

¹

Entomology Department, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA

²

Faculty of Natural Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 111221, Colombia

³

American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA

⁴

Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba 38025-180, Brazil

⁵

Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia 04510, Mexico

⁶

Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA

⁷

Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK

⁸

Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA

⁹

Facultad de Biología, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia 58030, Mexico

¹⁰

Grupo de Entomología Universidad de Antioquia (GEUA), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Colombia

¹¹

Alabama Museum of Natural History & UA Museums Department of Research and Collections, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA

¹²

Department of Biology and Monte L. Bean Museum, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA

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^*

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Diversity 2022, 14(9), 757; https://doi.org/10.3390/d14090757

Submission received: 19 July 2022 / Revised: 6 September 2022 / Accepted: 7 September 2022 / Published: 14 September 2022

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diversity, Ecology and Evolution of Odonata)

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Abstract

The damselflies Hetaerininae, a subfamily of Calopterygidae, comprise four genera distributed from North to South America: Hetaerina, Mnesarete, Ormenophlebia and Bryoplathanon. While several studies have focused on the intriguing behavioral and morphological modifications within Hetaerina, little of the evolutionary history of the group is well understood. Understanding the biogeographical history of Hetaerininae is further complicated by uncertainty in important geological events, such as the closure of the Central American Seaway (CAS). We generated a phylogenetic hypothesis to test the relationships and divergence times within Hetaerininae using IQtree and BEAST2 and found that Mnesarete and Ormenophlebia render Hetaerina paraphyletic. Reclassification of the genera within Hetaerininae is necessary based on our results. We also tested the fit to our dataset of two different hypotheses for the closure of CAS. Our results supported a gradual closure, starting in the Oligocene and ending in the Pliocene. Using Ancestral Character State Reconstruction, we found that the rubyspot, which is associated with higher fecundity in several species, was ancestral for Hetaerininae and subsequently lost four times. Estimates of diversification in association with the rubyspot are needed to understand the plasticity of this important character. Forest habitat was the ancestral state for Hetaerininae, with transitions to generalist species of Hetaerina found primarily in the Mesoamerican region. These results add to our understanding of the relationship between morphology, biogeography and habitat in a charismatic group of damselflies.

Keywords: biogeography; Zygoptera; wing coloration; mating behavior

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MDPI and ACS Style

Standring, S.; Sánchez-Herrera, M.; Guillermo-Ferreira, R.; Ware, J.L.; Vega-Sánchez, Y.M.; Clement, R.; Drury, J.P.; Grether, G.F.; González-Rodríguez, A.; Mendoza-Cuenca, L.; et al. Evolution and Biogeographic History of Rubyspot Damselflies (Hetaerininae: Calopterygidae: Odonata). Diversity 2022, 14, 757. https://doi.org/10.3390/d14090757

AMA Style

Standring S, Sánchez-Herrera M, Guillermo-Ferreira R, Ware JL, Vega-Sánchez YM, Clement R, Drury JP, Grether GF, González-Rodríguez A, Mendoza-Cuenca L, et al. Evolution and Biogeographic History of Rubyspot Damselflies (Hetaerininae: Calopterygidae: Odonata). Diversity. 2022; 14(9):757. https://doi.org/10.3390/d14090757

Chicago/Turabian Style

Standring, Samantha, Melissa Sánchez-Herrera, Rhainer Guillermo-Ferreira, Jessica L. Ware, Yesenia Margarita Vega-Sánchez, Rebecca Clement, Jonathan P. Drury, Gregory F. Grether, Antonio González-Rodríguez, Luis Mendoza-Cuenca, and et al. 2022. "Evolution and Biogeographic History of Rubyspot Damselflies (Hetaerininae: Calopterygidae: Odonata)" Diversity 14, no. 9: 757. https://doi.org/10.3390/d14090757

APA Style

Standring, S., Sánchez-Herrera, M., Guillermo-Ferreira, R., Ware, J. L., Vega-Sánchez, Y. M., Clement, R., Drury, J. P., Grether, G. F., González-Rodríguez, A., Mendoza-Cuenca, L., Bota-Sierra, C. A., & Bybee, S. (2022). Evolution and Biogeographic History of Rubyspot Damselflies (Hetaerininae: Calopterygidae: Odonata). Diversity, 14(9), 757. https://doi.org/10.3390/d14090757

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Evolution and Biogeographic History of Rubyspot Damselflies (Hetaerininae: Calopterygidae: Odonata)

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