Discovery of Cyanobacteria Associated with Cycads and Description of Three Novel Species in Desmonostoc (Nostocaceae)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling and Isolation Protocol
2.2. Morphological Evaluations
2.3. Molecular Evaluations
2.4. 16S rRNA Gene Analysis
2.5. 16S-23S Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) Region Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Host, Locality, and Taxonomic Assessment of the Cyanobionts
3.1.1. Desmonostoc debaoense M. Pecundo, N. Li et T. Chen sp. nov. (Figure 2)
3.1.2. Desmonostoc meilinense M. Pecundo, N. Li et T. Chen sp. nov. (Figure 3)
3.1.3. Desmonostoc xianhuense M. Pecundo, N. Li et T. Chen sp. nov. (Figure 4)
3.1.4. Distinction of the Novel Cyanobacterial Strains from Known Species
3.2. 16S rRNA Gene Sequence Similarity and Phylogenetic Analyses
3.3. 16S–23S rRNA ITS Region Analyses
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Species | Vegetative Cells Shape and Size (µm) | Heterocytes Shape and Size (µm) | Akinetes Shape and Size (µm) | Source—Locality (Habitat Condition) | Phylogenetic Position/Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
D. debaoense CSM 005-N | Spherical to subspherical W: 2.3–6.5; L: 2.4–7.8 | Spherical to subspherical W: 3.5–8.6; L: 2.9–7.6 | Spherical, subspherical to oval; W: 4–8.1; L: 3.1–9.5 | Coralloid root of C. debaoensis from a natural karst habitat, Debao County | Cluster E (D1); this study |
D. meilinense CSM 017-N | Barrel-shaped to subspherical W: 2.4–5.9; L: 1.9–7.1 | Spherical to subspherical W: 3.5–5.6; L: 3.8–6.3 | Spherical to subspherical to oval W: 4.4–7.6; L: 3.7–8.8 | Coralloid root of C. fairylakea from natural moist forest, Meilin Nature Reserve | Cluster A (D1); this study |
D. xianhuense | |||||
CSM 008-B | Barrel-shaped to spherical to subspherical W: 3.5–6; L: 2.9–9.9 | Spherical to subspherical W: 4.5–9.5; L: 4.5–10.9 | Spherical to subspherical to oval W: 4.8–9.2; L: 4.5–12.4 | Coralloid root of C. fairylakea from an ex-situ conservation site in Xianhu/Fairy Lake botanical garden | Cluster F (D2); this study |
CSM 010-B | Barrel-shaped to spherical to subspherical W: 3.5–5.9; L: 2.9–9.8 | Spherical to subspherical W: 5–9; L: 4.5–10.7 | Spherical to subspherical to oval W: 5–9; L: 4.8–12.9 | Coralloid root of Ceratozamia robusta from an ex-situ conservation site in Xianhu/Fairy Lake botanical garden | |
D. aggregatum | |||||
CSM 022-B | Spherical to subspherical to barrel-shaped W: 2–5; L: 1.8–4.2 | Conical to spherical to subspherical W: 4–5.5; L: 3.7–6.5 | Not observed | Coralloid root of Ceratozamia robusta from Xianhu/Fairy Lake botanical garden | Cluster C (D1); this study |
CF06 | Barrel-shaped to subspherical W: 2.3–5.6; L: 2.3–4.7 | Conical to spherical or subspherical W: 4.1–5.6; L: 3.8–6.7 | Coralloid root of C. fairylakea from Xianhu/Fairy Lake botanical garden | Cluster C (D1); [10] | |
D. lechangense | |||||
CSM 014-B | Barrel-shaped to subspherical W: 2.5–4.9; L: 2.5–6.1 | Spherical to subspherical to oval W: 3.8–5.3; L: 4.1–5.9 | Spherical to subspherical to oval W: 3.9–6.0; L: 4.8–6.9 | Coralloid root of C. elongata from Xianhu/Fairy Lake botanical garden | Cluster B (D1); this study |
CF01 | Barrel-shaped to subspherical W: 2.5–4.9; L: 2.5–6.1 | Spherical to subspherical to oval W: 4.1–5.6; L: 3.8–6.7 | Spherical to oval/subspherical W: 3.9–6.0; L: 4.8–6.9 | Coralloid root of C. fairylakea, initially grown from a natural habitat in northern Guangdong and later introduced to Xianhu Botanical Garden | Cluster B (D1); [10] |
D. danxiaense CHAB5868 | Barrel-shaped to oval W: 2.65–3.9; L: 2.48–4.4 | Spherical to oval W: 3.54; L: 3.97 | Oval W: 5.59; L: 7.94 | Rocky wall in Danxia Mountain, Guangdong | D1 subcluster; [32] |
D. muscorum NIVA-CYA818 (TYPE SPECIES) | Barrel-shaped to cylindrical W: 4–5.9; L: 2.8–6.8 | Barrel-shaped to spherical W: 4.4–7.2; L: 5.3–10.2 | Oval W: 3.4–6.3; L: 4.5–9.4 | Soil, arable field in Dlouhá ves, Czech Republic | D2 subcluster; [9] |
D. geniculatum HA4340-LM1 | Spherical, compressed, globose, or irregularly obovoid W: 3–8; L: 2.5–8 | Spherical or hemispherical with homogenous content W: 3.6–6.1; L: 2.7–5.8 | Smooth, thickened wall, minutely granular W: 5.5–7; 3.3–7.5 | Dry wall of Maniniholo Cave in Kilauea, Hawaii | D2 subcluster; [31] |
D. salinum CCM-UFV059 | Barrel-shaped or subspherical W: 3.3–4.5; L: 3.7–5.4 | Subspherical W: 3.7–4.6; L: 5.8–8.3 | Spherical or subspherical W: 5–8.3; L: 8.3–10 | Periphytic microbial mats in a saline-alkaline lake (H2O temperature 6 °C; pH 9.5), Laguna Amarga, Torres del Paine National Park, Chile | D1 subcluster; [20] |
D. magnisporum AR6-PS | Barrel-shaped, rarely isodiametric W: 4.1–4.7; L: 4–4.5 | Spherical to oblong W: 4.8–5.6; L: 5.3–6 | Irregular shape W: 5–7.7; L: 11.8–13.4 | Freshwater habitat (pH 7.3; temperature 32.4 °C) in Shrirampur, Maharashtra, India | D1 subcluster; [28] |
D. persicum SA14 | Barrel-shaped to cylindrical W: 2.2–5.4; L: 1.9–5.5 | Spherical to oblong W: 4.5–7.1; L: 4.6–7.1 | Oval W: 3.9–5.2; L: 5.5–8.8 | Rice field (temperature 9.8 °C; pH 7.3; clay-loam) Amol, Mazandaran, Iran | D1 subcluster; [29] |
D. punense MCC 2741 | Barrel-shaped W: 3.1–4.9; L: 3.5–4.5 | Spherical or subspherical W: 3.7–5.1; L: 4.7–5.5 | Oblong W: 3.8–4.5; L: 6.5–8 | Freshwater habitat in Pune, India | D1 subcluster; [28] |
D. caucasicum MZ-C154 | Barrel-shaped to subspherical W: 3.1–4.7; L: 2.9–4.5 | Spherical to oval W: 3.1–4.4; L: 3–4.6 | Not observed | Meadow subalpine soil in the Greater Caucasus (an altitude of 2100 masl), Russia | D1 subcluster; [30] |
D. alborizicum 1387 | Spherical or slightly oblong at first and oblong to ellipsoidal at a later stage W: 0.7–4.2; L: 2.5–8.5 | Spherical or oblong W: 2–2.5; L:2–6 | Oblong to ellipsoidal W: 5–6; L: 7.5–9 | Freshwater from the qanat water supply system (pH 7.1; nitrate 0.09 mgL−1; phosphate 0.1 mgL−1), Iran | D1 subcluster; [19] |
D. vinosum HA7617-LM4 | Compressed, globose to longer than broad W:0.5–1.6; L: 2–4 | Spherical to compressed W: 2.5–3; L: 2.5–3.5 | Granular W: 3–7; L: 3–6.7 | With mixed algae on the right-hand wall of Waikapala‘e Cave in Hawaii | See Figure 5; [31] |
Strains | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 D. debaoense CSM 005-N1/N2 | 2.1 | ||||||||||||
2 D. meilinense CSM 017-N/CSM 018-N | 12.1 | 1.4 | |||||||||||
3 D. xianhuense CSM 008-B/009-B/010-B | 21.0 | 20.7 | 1.3 | ||||||||||
4 Desmonostoc sp. CSM 013-B | 12.6 | 13.6 | 21.1 | – | |||||||||
5 D. aggregatum CSM 019-B/022-B/021-B | 11.8 | 10.1 | 19.3 | 13.8 | 2.0 | ||||||||
6 D. lechangense CF01/CSM014-B | 11.4 | 10.0 | 23.2 | 8.4 | 13.7 | 1.6 | |||||||
7 D. danxiaense CHAB5868 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 24.3 | 15.3 | 15.1 | 13.8 | – | ||||||
8 D. alborizicum 1387 | 17.6 | 19.1 | 25.1 | 17.1 | 19.0 | 17.0 | 18.7 | – | |||||
9 D. geniculatum HA4340-LM1 clone37D | 21.2 | 22.2 | 9.4 | 21.9 | 22.9 | 22.4 | 22.7 | 10.6 | – | ||||
10 Desmonostoc sp. CCIBT3489 | 16.0 | 18.2 | 24.6 | 16.9 | 18.4 | 15.7 | 16.5 | 4.2 | 10.9 | – | |||
11 D. caucasicum MZ_C154 | 28.8 | 27.5 | 34.1 | 28.3 | 28.7 | 25.6 | 29.2 | 29.8 | 34.2 | 28.8 | – | ||
12 D. vinosum HA7617-LM4 | 21.7 | 22.0 | 21.3 | 23.7 | 23.3 | 21.5 | 24.7 | 12.1 | 9.3 | 11.6 | 32.4 | – | |
13 Desmonostoc sp. 7N/81-NMI_ANAB | 21.1 | 20.5 | 5.0 | 21.6 | 19.3 | 22.5 | 23.9 | 10.7 | 3.5 | 10.5 | 34.5 | 9.8 | 0.2 |
14 Desmonostoc sp. CCM-UFV020 | 16.9 | 17.4 | 24.5 | 12.2 | 17.0 | 11.3 | 17.5 | 7.0 | 10.5 | 6.2 | 28.2 | 11.6 | 10.4 |
Strains | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 D. debaoense CSM 005-N clone1/clone2 | 0.2 | |||||||
2 D. meilinense CSM 017-N clone1/clone2 | 6.1 | 0 | ||||||
3 D. xianhuense CSM 010-B clone1/clone2 | 11.6 | 12.7 | 0.2 | |||||
4 Desmonostoc sp. CSM 013-B clone1/clone2 | 10.2 | 9.0 | 10.6 | 0 | ||||
5 D. aggregatum CSM 020-B/CF06 | 8.3 | 9.2 | 12.3 | 10.2 | 1.7 | |||
6 D. lechangense CSM 016-B | 10.0 | 6.4 | 12.9 | 11.2 | 10.2 | |||
7 D. salinum CCM-UFV059 | 12.9 | 11.1 | 15.5 | 8.8 | 13.3 | 11.8 | ||
8 D. geniculatum HA4340-LM1 clone 37A/37C | 14.0 | 13.4 | 2.9 | 11.5 | 13.8 | 14.4 | 7.0 | 0.5 |
9 Desmonostoc sp. 111_CR4_BG11B | 13.1 | 11.3 | 15.5 | 8.8 | 13.8 | 13.1 | 0.4 | 6.9 |
Species | Vegetative Cells Shape and Size (µm) | Heterocytes Shape and Size (µm) | Akinetes Shape and Size (µm) | Source—Locality | Phylogenetic Position/Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dendronalium sp. CSM 003-B | Barrel-shaped to spherical to compressed subspherical, or quadratic W: 2.7–5.6; L: 2.3–5.2 | Spherical to subspherical W: 4.1–5.6; L: 3.8–6.7 | Spherical to subspherical to oval W: 3.5–7.3; L: 5.2–9 | Coralloid root of C. fairylakea from Xianhu/Fairy Lake botanical garden | Cluster G (G-IV); this study |
Dendronalium sp. CSM 024-R | Spherical to subspherical to cylindrical or oval W: 2.1–4.8; L: 2.9–6.7 | Spherical to subspherical W: 4.1–5.6; L: 3.8–6.7 | Spherical to subspherical to oval W: 3.5–7.3; L:5.2–9 | Coralloid root of C. debaoensis from the reintroduction site in Debao County | Cluster G (G-IV); this study |
Dendronalium phyllosphericum CENA369 | Cylindrical, barrel-shaped, or rounded W: 1.3–2.6; L: 1.4–4.0 | Conical-rounded to spherical W: 1.6–3.1; L: 1.2–5 | Cylindrical, rounded to elliptical W: 2.9–3.9; L: 3.5–5 | Leaves of Euterpe edulis from Atlantic Forest in Brazil | Cluster G (G-I); [27] |
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Pecundo, M.H.; Chen, T.; dela Cruz, T.E.E.; Griffith, M.P.; Hu, Z.; Chen, H.; Li, N. Discovery of Cyanobacteria Associated with Cycads and Description of Three Novel Species in Desmonostoc (Nostocaceae). Diversity 2023, 15, 1132. https://doi.org/10.3390/d15111132
Pecundo MH, Chen T, dela Cruz TEE, Griffith MP, Hu Z, Chen H, Li N. Discovery of Cyanobacteria Associated with Cycads and Description of Three Novel Species in Desmonostoc (Nostocaceae). Diversity. 2023; 15(11):1132. https://doi.org/10.3390/d15111132
Chicago/Turabian StylePecundo, Melissa H., Tao Chen, Thomas Edison E. dela Cruz, M. Patrick Griffith, Zhangli Hu, Huirong Chen, and Nan Li. 2023. "Discovery of Cyanobacteria Associated with Cycads and Description of Three Novel Species in Desmonostoc (Nostocaceae)" Diversity 15, no. 11: 1132. https://doi.org/10.3390/d15111132