The Pleistocene Glaciations as One of the Major Factors Having Impact on the Current Range of Occurrence and Species Diversity of Mites from the Suborder Uropodina (Acari: Mesostigmata) in Poland
1
Department of General Zoology, Faculty of Biology Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
2
Natural History Collections, Faculty of Biology Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Diversity 2023, 15(3), 355; https://doi.org/10.3390/d15030355
Submission received: 17 January 2023
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Revised: 20 February 2023
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Accepted: 27 February 2023
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Published: 1 March 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diversity, Biogeographic, and Evolutionary Research in Acarology)
Abstract
:On the basis of data collected since 1961, the authors of the current article conducted an analysis of the distribution of Uropodina (Acari: Mesostigmata) species in Poland. The areas of occurrence of the species were compared with the range boundaries of the successive Pleistocene glaciations in Poland. The second aim of the study was to establish the importance of the former nunataks (paleonunataks) for the preservation of biodiversity of this group of mites in Poland. The study has revealed that there are six types of distribution of Uropodina species in the area of Poland: (i) species distributed consistently in the whole area of the country, (ii) species having their northern range of occurrence in Poland, (iii) species having their north-western range of occurrence, (iv) species having their north-eastern range of occurrence, (v) species of boreal-mountainous distribution with evident disjunction in central Poland, and (vi) Carpathian species migrating northwards along the Vistula River. The analyses of the species composition of Uropodina communities on nunataks shows that the concave nunatak in Jura Krakowsko-Czestochowska, described in the literature as the “Jurassic Inland Oasis”, turned out to be the location with the highest Uropodina diversity, whereas on the nunatak of the Ślęża Massif, which was covered by two glaciations, the Uropodina diversity was the lowest.
1. Introduction
Poland is an excellent testing ground for research into the distribution of invertebrates. The area of Poland was covered by the ice sheet several times (Figure 1). The glaciers retreated in different periods in different parts of the country, and some areas were covered by the ice sheet several times. The oldest of the glaciations, which took place roughly 800,000 or 600,000 years ago, is called the Podlaskie (or Günz) glaciation, and it affected north-eastern Poland and some parts of Pobrzeże Szczecińskie (Figure 1, (1)). During the second glaciation—the South-Polish glaciation (Mindel)—the ice sheet reached the northern slopes of the Carpathians and Sudetes at an altitude of about 400 m above sea level (Figure 1, (2)). The next glaciation, the Middle-Polish glaciation (Riss), covered central Poland, and the ice sheet again reached the Sudetes and the northern areas of Małopolska and the Lublin Uplands, covering the Racibórz Basin and most of the Silesian Uplands and the Nida Basin. During this glaciation, the Ślęża Massif once again became a nunatak (Figure 1, (3 and A)). During the fourth glaciation—the North-Polish glaciation (Würm)—the ice sheet covered the area of Poland northwards from Zielona Góra, Konin, Augustów (Figure 1, (4)). The southern part of Poland (along the cities of Kraków, Przemyśl) was never covered by the glaciers, and therefore it remained a kind of refuge, whence the soil mesofauna spread northwards as the glacier receded (Figure 1 (D)) [1,2,3,4,5,6].
Any research into the geographical range of occurrence of soil mesofauna species, especially mites (Acari), is very difficult from the methodological point of view. Mites are tiny arachnids that are usually less than 1 mm in size and are very common [7], but it is very hard to observe them in the field. The only effective method of ascertaining their ranges of occurrence is to analyse the content of soil samples from different locations and determine the most distant sites where the species occurs. However, this method also has some drawbacks, and its effectiveness depends on the number of collected samples and their density. In many cases, especially for older surveys, the location of the sampling site is described in very vague terms (often referring only to a country or a large administrative unit) [8,9,10]. Another problem is the “spurious endemism” of the species, as has been shown in earlier studies [11]. In such cases, the found species give the impression of being very rare or even endemic, but this is only due to the poor information on their distribution or wrong species designation and not due to their real ranges. Nevertheless, thorough analysis of the data available in publications was, and still is, mostly the only source that allows to determine, with a greater or lesser approximation, the geographical range of a given species.
Uropodina (Acari: Mesostigmata) belong to the group of saprophagous mites, which are best known in terms of their habitat requirements and geographical distribution in Poland [12,13,14,15]. The number of species of these mites in Poland varies between 130 and 150 [14,16,17]. Uropodina mites have two strategies of dispersion and reproduction, which are dependent on the type of habitat in which they live. Species which inhabit unstable microhabitats live in populations which consist of specimens of both sexes and reproduce sexually [14,15,18,19,20]. In this group of species, deutonymphs have developed the ability of passive dispersion by means of phoresy [21,22,23,24]. They can be carried by various groups of insects, e.g., by myriapods, as well as by fur mammals and in bird feathers [25,26,27,28], whereas the communities inhabiting soil are often dominated by parthenogenetic species, which are characterized by immense reduction of males in their populations. This strategy enables more effective colonisation of new areas [19,29].
However, despite the intensive research and apparently large number of publications focusing on this group, the information on the exact geographical distribution of many species, especially those that are rare, is still fragmentary and obscure. However, in the course of many years of research into Uropodina mites, it has been observed that many Uropodina species have their range of occurrence in Poland, most often the northern or western range [14,15,30]. It has also been observed that the modern range boundaries of some species in this group of mites overlap with the range boundaries of particular glaciations or correlate with the modern range of occurrence of some tree species (e.g., beech Fagus sylvatica or spruce Picea excelsa). These observations encouraged the authors to analyse these relationships in more detail.
The major aim of this study was to ascertain if and how the Pleistocene glaciations influenced the current ranges of occurrence of Uropodina mites in Poland. The authors of the study have also attempted to establish the importance of the prior nunataks for the preservation of biodiversity of this group of organisms in Poland. The study rests upon the analysis of extensive material from Poland collected since 1961. The article also contains the maps showing the current distribution of species which have their range of occurrence in the area of Poland (Figure 2, Figure 3, Figure 4, Figure 5, Figure 6 and Figure 7). The analyses were possible due to the collection of precise data on the distribution of the analysed species in the “Invertebrate Fauna Bank” project, conducted for many years [31]. The project assumes collecting soil samples from all over the world and creating a computer database of the specimens from these samples, which provided the basis for the analysis of the spatial distribution of individual taxa of soil fauna.
2. Material and Methods
The materials analysed in this study contained over 22,000 samples collected between 1961 and 2022 from different types of habitat and microhabitat, collected in the whole area of Poland. The soil samples were both qualitative and quantitative [32]. They were mainly sieved litter and soil, as well as non-sieved samples from various types of unstable microhabitats (merocenoses) such as dead wood, hollows, anthills, and bird and mammal nests. The samples were extracted with Tullgren funnels, and then the extracted specimens were preserved in 75% ethyl alcohol. The mites were sorted from the samples with a stereoscopic microscope and were then identified after they had been cleared in 80% lactic acid by means of an Olympus BX51. The specimens were identified using the morphological criteria from the original descriptions and later accounts [12,14,18,33,34]. The identification of the species was carried out by the first author.
Each sample was tagged with UTM co-ordinates, which later allowed to ascertain their special localisation. The visualisation (in the form of a map) of the distribution of individual species in the area of Poland was made on the basis of a UTM grid, consisting of squares with sides of 10 × 10 km. The images presented here were all original and generated with Corel Draw 2020 computer graphics software. The community similarity of the species composition for Uropodina mites inhabiting Jura Krakowsko-Częstochowska (the Polish Jurassic Highland), Świętokrzyskie Mountains, and the Ślęża Massif nunataks was calculated by means of the Marczewski–Steinhaus species similarity index: S = c/(a + b/c), where c is the number of species present in both compared communities, whereas a and b stand for the total number of species in each community [35]. The full joining analysis, which uses the most distant neighbours, was used to draw the dendrogram. The analyses were calculated with AnalizaTor 2.0 software (Poznań, Poland).
The following categories of species abundance were discerned for all the analysed samples:
- >30,000 specimens—very high abundance
- 5001–30,000 specimens—high abundance
- 1001–5000 specimens—moderate abundance
- 100–1000 specimens—low abundance
- <100—recedent
The following categories of frequency of occurrence were also discerned:
- >2000 samples—very frequent species
- 501–2000 samples—frequent species
- 101–500 samples—rare species
- 10–100 samples—very rare species
- <10—sporadic species
3. Results
3.1. Abundance and Frequency of Uropodina Species in Poland
The tabulation presented below (Table 1) shows 85 species (almost 204,000 specimens) of mites from the suborder Uropodina which were found in the analysed materials, including the information about their abundance and frequency of occurrence in the area of Poland.
As can be seen, most of the found Uropodina species (79%) were rare, very rare, and sporadic species. Most of them were found in very few locations, which does not allow researchers to ascertain the exact range of geographical occurrence of these species. For this reason, the further analyses presented include only the more common and more abundant species.
3.2. Range of Occurrence of Selected Uropodina Species in Poland
Species such as Oodinychus ovalis, O karawaiewi, Trachytes aegrota, T. pauperior, Olodiscus minima, Urodiaspis tecta, Pulchellaobovella pulchella, Dinychus perforatus, D. carinatus, and Trematurella elegans are among those which have even geographical distribution in Poland (Figure 2 and Figure A1). These are usually the most abundant and common species in mite communities (Table 1).
The analysis of the collected materials shows that three species from the genus Trachytes, such as T. irenae, T. minima, and T. montana (Figure A1) have their northern range of occurrence in Poland [14,15]. The exact boundary lines of the ranges for these species are presented in Figure 3.
The East Carpathian species, which have the north-western limit of their range in Poland (Figure 4), are an interesting group from the zoogeographical point of view. They occur only in the south-eastern part of the country, in an area that has never been glaciated. These species are Trachytes splendida, Polyaspinus schweizeri, and Urodiaspis stammeri. The western range of the dense occurrence of most of them is at the Ropa River near Uście Gorlickie. On the western bank of the river, the occurrence of these species is sporadic, while in the eastern areas of the river, the species in question are rather frequent.
Such species as Polyaspinus cylindricus, Olodiscus misella, Cilliba erlangensis (Figure 5), Neodiscopoma splendida (Figure 6 and Figure A1), and Oodinychus obscurasimilis (Figure 7 and Figure A1) have a specific geographical distribution in Poland [14,15]. The first three species are abundant and frequent in southern Poland, and their range of occurrence overlaps with the natural occurrence of the beech (Fagus sylvaticus) (Figure 5, (1, 2, 3)). However, in the north-western areas and in the north, the local populations of these species are rare. The range of N. splendida is disjunctive (Figure 6). This species is also relatively abundant and frequent in the southern part of the country. It also occurs, albeit less frequently, in the north-eastern parts of Poland.
Figure 3.
Geographical distribution of species from the genus Trachytes which have their northern range of occurrence in Poland: 1—Trachytes irenae, 2—Trachytes minima, 3—Trachytes montana.
Figure 3.
Geographical distribution of species from the genus Trachytes which have their northern range of occurrence in Poland: 1—Trachytes irenae, 2—Trachytes minima, 3—Trachytes montana.
Figure 4.
Geographical distribution of species which have their north-western range of occurrence in Poland: 1—Trachytes splendida, 2—Polyaspinus schweizeri, 3—Urodiaspis stammeri.
Figure 4.
Geographical distribution of species which have their north-western range of occurrence in Poland: 1—Trachytes splendida, 2—Polyaspinus schweizeri, 3—Urodiaspis stammeri.
Figure 5.
Geographical distribution of species which have their north-eastern range of occurrence in Poland: 1—Polyaspinus cylindricus, 2—Olodiscus misella, 3—Cilliba erlangensis.
Figure 5.
Geographical distribution of species which have their north-eastern range of occurrence in Poland: 1—Polyaspinus cylindricus, 2—Olodiscus misella, 3—Cilliba erlangensis.
Figure 6.
Geographical distribution of Neodiscopoma splendida; the red dashed lines mark the boundaries of the southern and northern populations.
Figure 6.
Geographical distribution of Neodiscopoma splendida; the red dashed lines mark the boundaries of the southern and northern populations.
However, in the other regions and in central Poland, it has not been found thus far (Figure 6). Meanwhile, O. obscurasimilis, which is a Carpathian species, has been extending its range of occurrence northwards along the Vistula river (Figure 7).
Figure 7.
Geographical distribution of sites with Oodinychus obscurasimilis in Poland; the red dashed line marks the potential areas of occurrence of the species.
Figure 7.
Geographical distribution of sites with Oodinychus obscurasimilis in Poland; the red dashed line marks the potential areas of occurrence of the species.
3.3. Fauna of Nunataks in Poland
A nunatak is a rocky hill or peak rising above the surface of the ice sheet, surrounded by an ice sheet [36]. The ice sheet covering the Polish territory had a considerable thickness, and few objects protruded above its surface. The nunatak during the South-Polish glaciation was the Ślęża Mountain (Figure A2), as well as the higher peaks of the Świętokrzyskie Mountains, where frost weathering developed, which in turn produced today’s non-forest areas. In 1960, a hypothesis was put forward that during the Cracow (South-Polish) glaciation, a significant area of Jura Krakowsko-Częstochowska (the Polish Jurassic Highland) constituted the “Jurassic Inland Oasis”, i.e., the so-called concave nunatak [37]. This hypothesis was also confirmed by the results obtained by Lewandowski [38].
The species diversity of Uropodina communities on the examined nunataks in Poland varies considerably (Table 2). Only 9 species occurred on all three nunataks, and these were T. aegrota, T. irenae, D. perforatus, Cilliba insularis, O. minima, N. splendida, U. pannonica, U. tecta, and O. ovalis. The concave nunatak in Jura Krakowsko-Czestochowska turned out to be the location with the highest diversity, which is another area in Poland that has never been glaciated. So far, 43 species of Uropodina have been found in this area. The lowest species diversity (in terms of the number of species) that has been observed was on the Ślęża Massif in Lower Silesia. Only 11 species from this group of mites have been found there so far. The Świętokrzyskie Mountains had two times more species than the Ślęża Massif, where 22 species of Uropodina have been found. The species composition of Uropodina in the Świętokrzyskie Mountains was more similar to that observed in Jura Krakowsko-Częstochowska, with an index of similarity (S) of 64% (Figure 8).
4. Discussion
Most species of Uropodina occurring in Poland are European species with wide distribution. Some of them occur consistently in the whole area of the country, while the ranges of others are restricted to certain areas only. The first group includes mainly common and numerous soil species (i.e., O. ovalis, O. karawaiewi, T. aegrota, T. pauperior, U. tecta, O. minima, D. perforatus) and species commonly found in unstable microhabitats, such as P. pulchella and D. carinatus. These species, due to their wide range of ecological tolerance (eurytopic species), have the best ability to colonise different types of environments. In contrast, the group that colonised the areas where the glacier retreated most rapidly are the species with a specific reproductive strategy. The geographical parthenogenesis observed in such cases [14,39,40,41] allows for a rapid increase in population size, and therefore, for the fastest colonisation of the area exposed by the retreating glacier. Notably, in the case of the genus Urodiaspis, one can also observe species substitution (vicariance) in Poland. The common U. tecta, which is found almost across the entire country, was replaced in the south-eastern part of the country by the related species U. stammeri [14]. The latter has so far successfully competed with U. tecta by blocking its eastward expansion in the Low Beskids and Bieszczady Mountains. This process is probably associated with the habitat and microclimatic conditions of the area, which are more favourable for U. stammeri. As can be seen, the species that successfully colonised the area earlier on competes with a related species, which arrived there much later.
As has already been shown in earlier studies, many of the species discussed in this article have their range of occurrence in the area of Poland [14,15,30]. In the case of species from the genus Trachytes, this is the northern range (T. irenae, T. minima, T. montana, and probably also T. lamda). The north-western range has also been marked for such species as T. splendida, P. schweizeri, and U. stammeri, whereas the north-eastern range has been revealed for P. cylindricus, O. misella, and C. erlangensis. The distribution of the last three species, considered by many as an Atlantic element, is quite interesting as their ranges overlap with that of the beech (Fagus sylvatica). In contrast, the range of N. splendida, which is typically a boreal-mountain species, is related to the natural range of the spruce (Picea excelsa) in Poland. As demonstrated by Błoszyk [13], a very important factor limiting the occurrence of species of the discussed group of mites is also the altitude. The vast majority of Uropodina species are lowland species (occurring in areas up to 500 m a.s.l.), and only T. montana can be regarded as a high-mountain species, whose abundance increases above 1300 m a.s.l.; hence, the range of this species is confined to mountain areas. On the other hand, T. aegrota, which is common in the whole area of Poland, should be considered an alpine species, as it occurs both in the lowlands and high in the mountains.
It is also noteworthy that during the long-term research focusing on changes in Uropodina communities in the area of two oak-hornbeam nature reserves in Wielkopolska (Greater Poland), which lasted over 40 years, the researchers managed to observe possible changes in the range of two species, i.e., O. obscurasimilis and N. splendida [42]. These two species did not occur in the examined areas in the first phase of the research, that is, at the end of the 1970s and the beginning of the 1980s, but they were found in 2014. This could stem from the global warming effect, which in turn resulted in a broadening of the ranges of these species. This phenomenon will be monitored in the future because such research is still being conducted.
The analysis of the geographical ranges of the Uropodina species discussed here indicates that the south-eastern part of Poland was a refuge from which some species spread northwards after the glacier receded. This is also confirmed by the analysis of the communities on the nunataks. The retreating glacier exposed further areas which could be easily colonised by mites. However, this was possible only due to certain conditions which had to be fulfilled, namely the formation of a humus layer in the soil. Saprophagous mites, which include most of the Uropodina species, could only occur in areas abandoned by the ice sheet after they had been colonised by plants. This is also confirmed by more recent research carried out directly in front of the glacier edge in Norway in 2000–2001. Trachytes aegrota was found in patches of initial vegetation [43], which confirms this thesis. The analysis of the Uropodina communities of the three nunataks showed that the area of Jura Krakowsko-Częstochowska not covered by glaciation, which is known as the “Jurassic Inland Oasis” [37], exhibited the highest diversity in Uropodina species. In this area, it was possible for the species previously found there to survive the glaciation period. Thus, after the glacier receded, the area became a refuge from which they could migrate northwards to other areas released by the ice sheet. Of course, some species arrived in the area to join the existing mite communities later on, after the glacier had receded. However, such a high prevalence of the number of species found there (43 (Table 2)), compared with the other nunataks, suggests that a large percentage of them certainly survived the area’s glacial period. Further research is required to specifically determine which species survived the glaciations and which of them got into the area of Jura Krakowsko-Częstochowska later. At the same time, the species composition of the Uropodina community in the Ślęża Massif clearly shows that the double glaciation of this mountain up to the height of 500 m has resulted in a much lower number of species in the area. It is also dominated by common, widely distributed species (Table 2), most of which colonised the Ślęza Massif only after the glacier had receded. The glacier retreated from the Świętokrzyskie Mountains earlier than from the Ślęża Massif; hence, more species are found there.
The rapid colonisation of areas exposed by the retreating glaciers was favoured by the life strategy of some Uropodina species, which consisted in switching to parthenogenetic reproduction, manifested by a reduction in males in populations which culminated in their entire loss [19,44]. Nowadays, the soil Uropodina species, widely distributed and usually abundant in Poland, are often parthenogenetic [14,19,45]. Among them, there are such species as T. aegrota, T. pauperior, T. lamda, P. cylindricus, O. minima, O. misella, C. erlangensis, U. tecta, U. pannonica, P. pulchella, and D. modesta. That the reduction in males took place relatively recently can be inferred from the sporadic occurrence in local populations of some species [46]. The switch to the parthenogenetic mode of reproduction gave these species an advantage through a rapid increase in the size of their populations facilitating a more efficient dispersal into areas not covered by the ice sheet. A similar phenomenon was also observed in butterflies [39] and diplopods [40]. So far, this problem has been considered in more detail for mites from the family Labidostommidae [47,48,49]. The studies on these mites discuss the impact of glaciation on the modern distribution of three species from the genus Labidostomma and the occurrence of geographic parthenogenesis in Labidostomma luteum in Europe in the context of glaciations. It was shown that sexually reproducing populations currently occur only in south-western France, from where the species has spread to eastern and northern Europe, but already as parthenogenetic populations [49]. Furthermore, the phenomenon of conversion to non-sexual reproduction in populations at the northern boundaries of the range has also been observed in other organisms, such as the myriapods from the genus Polyxenus [50], and in plants [51].
5. Conclusions
Geographical distribution of mites depends on many factors, which can be related to both the biology and ecology of the species and to external factors associated with the climate and type of soil. The Pleistocene glaciations were one of the key factors determining the geographical ranges of the fauna in Poland and Europe. The results presented here show, for the first time, the influence of Pleistocene glaciations on geographical distribution of the discussed group of mites at the species level. The analyses also show the great importance of data collection focusing on species because only such data can be helpful in determining geographical distribution of species and reconstructing their colonisation trajectories of inhabited areas. Further research into the communities of these mites in Scandinavia are also planned, which may shed more light on the colonisation of the post-glacial areas by Uropodina. These areas of Europe were the last regions where the glaciers retreated, and the glaciers that still exist in Norway are natural laboratories that allow researchers to better understand the processes involved in the colonisation of areas exposed by the ice sheet by mites.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, J.B. and A.N.; methodology, J.B. and A.N.; software, J.B.; validation, J.B. and A.N.; formal analysis, J.B. and M.K.; investigation, J.B. and A.N.; resources, J.B. and A.N.; data curation, J.B.; writing—original draft preparation, J.B., A.N. and M.K.; writing—review and editing, A.N. and M.K.; visualization, J.B.; supervision, J.B.; project administration, A.N.; funding acquisition, J.B. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This work was possible due to financial support from the Department of General Zoology, AMU.
Institutional Review Board Statement
Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement
The data presented in this study are stored in a computer database called AMUNATCOLL and are openly available at: https://amunatcoll.pl/ (accessed on 16 January 2023).
Acknowledgments
The authors of the study are grateful to all who collected dead wood and soil samples which are now stored in the AMU Nature Collections of the Faculty of Biology in Poznań.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Appendix A
Figure A1.
Species with different ranges in Poland: species occurring throughout the whole country—Oodinychus ovalis, female (A) and male (B) ventral side; Dinychus perforatus, male ventral side (C); species reaching the northern limit of its range in Poland—Trachytes irenae, female dorsal side (D); Trachytes minima—female (E) and male (F) dorsal side; a species with a boreal-mountain range—Neodiscopoma splendida, female dorsal side (G); species reaching the north-eastern limit of occurrence—Olodiscus misella, female ventral side (H); Carpathian endemic, migrating north along the Vistula River—Oodinychus obscurasimilis, female dorsal side (I).
Figure A1.
Species with different ranges in Poland: species occurring throughout the whole country—Oodinychus ovalis, female (A) and male (B) ventral side; Dinychus perforatus, male ventral side (C); species reaching the northern limit of its range in Poland—Trachytes irenae, female dorsal side (D); Trachytes minima—female (E) and male (F) dorsal side; a species with a boreal-mountain range—Neodiscopoma splendida, female dorsal side (G); species reaching the north-eastern limit of occurrence—Olodiscus misella, female ventral side (H); Carpathian endemic, migrating north along the Vistula River—Oodinychus obscurasimilis, female dorsal side (I).
Figure A2.
Paleonunatak—Ślęża Mountain (718 m n.p.m.).
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Figure 1.
Maximum ranges of glaciations in Poland: 1—Podlaskie glaciation (Günz), 2—South-Polish glaciation (Mindel), 3—Middle Polish glaciation (Riss), 4—North-Polish glaciation (Würm) [1]. The green colour was used to mark areas never affected by the glacier: A—nunatak Ślęża Massif, B—“Jurassic Inland Oasis”, i.e., concave nunatak, C—Świętokrzyskie Mountains nunatak, D—area not affected by glaciations in Poland along the cities of Kraków and Przemyśl.
Figure 1.
Maximum ranges of glaciations in Poland: 1—Podlaskie glaciation (Günz), 2—South-Polish glaciation (Mindel), 3—Middle Polish glaciation (Riss), 4—North-Polish glaciation (Würm) [1]. The green colour was used to mark areas never affected by the glacier: A—nunatak Ślęża Massif, B—“Jurassic Inland Oasis”, i.e., concave nunatak, C—Świętokrzyskie Mountains nunatak, D—area not affected by glaciations in Poland along the cities of Kraków and Przemyśl.
Figure 2.
Geographic distribution of Trachytes aegrota as an example of a species with even distribution in the whole area of Poland (the black dots mark the locations in which the species was found).
Figure 2.
Geographic distribution of Trachytes aegrota as an example of a species with even distribution in the whole area of Poland (the black dots mark the locations in which the species was found).
Figure 8.
Species similarities of Uropodina communities on nunataks; JKC—Jura Krakowsko-Częstochowska, GS—Świętokrzyskie Mountains, MS—Ślęża Massif.
Figure 8.
Species similarities of Uropodina communities on nunataks; JKC—Jura Krakowsko-Częstochowska, GS—Świętokrzyskie Mountains, MS—Ślęża Massif.
Table 1.
Abundance and frequency of occurrence of Uropodina species in analysed materials.
| Species Name | Number of Specimens | Abundance in Samples | Number of Occurrences in Samples | Frequency in Samples |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Trachytes aegrota (C. L. Koch, 1841) | 38,396 | very high abundance | 6630 | very frequent |
| Olodiscus minima (Kramer, 1882) | 18,273 | high abundance | 4896 | very frequent |
| Oodinychus ovalis (C. L. Koch, 1839) | 38,538 | very high abundance | 3127 | very frequent |
| Urodiaspis tecta (Kramer, 1876) | 10,843 | high abundance | 2812 | very frequent |
| Trachytes pauperior (Berlese, 1914) | 8588 | moderate abundance | 2510 | very frequent |
| Oodinychus karawaiewi (Berlese, 1903) | 12,684 | high abundance | 1060 | frequent |
| Dinychus perforatus (Kramer, 1882) | 4635 | moderate abundance | 1041 | frequent |
| Trachytes irenae (Pecina, 1970) | 11,709 | high abundance | 969 | frequent |
| Urodiaspis pannonica (Willmann, 1952) | 2163 | moderate abundance | 861 | frequent |
| Pulchellaobovella pulchella (Berlese, 1904) | 6044 | moderate abundance | 449 | rare |
| Polyaspinus cylindricus (Berlese, 1916) | 1777 | low abundance | 401 | rare |
| Cilliba insularis (Willmann, 1938) | 1554 | low abundance | 318 | rare |
| Uroobovella obovata (Canestrini et Berlese, 1884) | 1782 | low abundance | 313 | rare |
| Dinychus carinatus (Berlese, 1903) | 2865 | moderate abundance | 308 | rare |
| Olodiscus misella (Berlese, 1916) | 916 | low abundance | 306 | rare |
| Trichouropoda polytricha (Vitzthum, 1923) | 2873 | moderate abundance | 292 | rare |
| Trachytes lamda (Berlese, 1903) | 672 | recedent | 270 | rare |
| Oodinychus obscurasimilis (Hirschmann et Z.-Nicol, 1961) | 1355 | low abundance | 224 | rare |
| Cilliba rafalskii (Błoszyk Stachowiak et Halliday, 2008) | 622 | recedent | 220 | rare |
| Dinychus arcuatus (Trägårdh, 1922) | 777 | recedent | 207 | rare |
| Trematurella elegans (Kramer, 1882) | 4327 | moderate abundance | 203 | rare |
| Leiodinychus orbicularis (C. L. Koch, 1839) | 3024 | moderate abundance | 190 | rare |
| Uropoda orbicularis (Muller, 1776) | 2147 | moderate abundance | 190 | rare |
| Nenteria breviunguiculata (Willmann, 1949) | 1773 | low abundance | 175 | rare |
| Discourella modesta (Leonardi, 1889) | 389 | recedent | 167 | rare |
| Dinychura cordieri (Berlese, 1916) | 542 | recedent | 150 | rare |
| Dinychus woelkiei (Hirschmann et Zirngiebl-Nicol, 1969) | 1269 | low abundance | 146 | rare |
| Phaulodiaspis rackei (Oudemans, 1912) | 1628 | low abundance | 142 | rare |
| Dinychus inermis (C. L. Koch, 1841) | 1034 | moderate abundance | 139 | rare |
| Uroobovella pyriformis (Berlese, 1920) | 4731 | moderate abundance | 125 | rare |
| Apionoseius infirmus (Berlese, 1887) | 1848 | low abundance | 102 | rare |
| Phaulodiaspis borealis (Sellnick, 1940) | 3231 | low abundance | 101 | rare |
| Trachytes minima (Trägårdh, 1910) | 601 | recedent | 80 | very rare |
| Discourella baloghi (Hirschmann et Z.-Nicol, 1969) | 1750 | low abundance | 72 | very rare |
| Olodiscus kargi (Hirschamann et Z.-Nicol, 1969) | 262 | recedent | 66 | very rare |
| Cilliba erlangensis (Hirschmann et Z.-Nicol, 1969) | 225 | recedent | 44 | very rare |
| Polyaspis patavinus (Berlese, 1881) | 689 | recedent | 44 | very rare |
| Oodinychus spatulifera (Moniez, 1892) | 804 | recedent | 39 | very rare |
| Urodiaspis stammeri (Hirschmann et Z.-Nicol, 1969) | 475 | recedent | 37 | very rare |
| Metagynella paradoxa (Berlese, 1919) | 291 | recedent | 35 | very rare |
| Uropolyaspis hamulifera (Berlese, 1904) | 79 | recedent | 35 | very rare |
| Trichouropoda calcarata (Hirschmann et Z.-Nicol, 1961) | 61 | recedent | 34 | very rare |
| Iphiduropoda penicillata (Hirschmann et Z.-Nicol, 1961) | 85 | recedent | 29 | very rare |
| Polyaspis sansonei Berlese, 1916 | 259 | recedent | 29 | very rare |
| Cilliba cassidea (Herman, 1804) | 212 | recedent | 25 | very rare |
| Nenteria stylifera (Berlese, 1904) | 61 | recedent | 22 | very rare |
| Cilliba selnicki (Hirschmann et Z.-Nicol, 1969) | 174 | recedent | 18 | very rare |
| Urotrachytes formicarius (Lubbock, 1881) | 23 | recedent | 18 | very rare |
| Trachytes montana (Willmann, 1953) | 23 | recedent | 17 | very rare |
| Oplitis minutissima (Berlese, 1903) | 26 | recedent | 16 | very rare |
| Trachyuropoda coccinea (Michael, 1891) | 152 | recedent | 16 | very rare |
| Uroplitella paradoxa (Canestrini et Berlese, 1884) | 26 | recedent | 16 | very rare |
| Allodinychus flagelliger (Berlese, 1910) | 299 | recedent | 14 | very rare |
| Polyaspinus schweizeri (Hutu, 1976) | 43 | recedent | 14 | very rare |
| Uroobovella marginata (C. L. Koch, 1829) | 55 | recedent | 14 | very rare |
| Uropoda undulata (Hirschmann et Z.-Nicol, 1969) | 39 | recedent | 11 | very rare |
| Uroplitella conspicua (Berlese, 1903) | 31 | recedent | 10 | sporadic |
| Fuscouropoda appendiculata (Berlese, 1910) | 22 | recedent | 9 | sporadic |
| Uroseius hunzikeri (Schweizer, 1922) | 23 | recedent | 9 | sporadic |
| Phaulodiaspis advena (Trägårdh, 1922) | 1063 | low abundance | 6 | sporadic |
| Trachytes splendida (Hutu, 1973) | 12 | recedent | 6 | sporadic |
| Trachyuropoda willmanni (Hirschmann et Z.-Nicol, 1969) | 18 | recedent | 6 | sporadic |
| Trichouropoda sociata (Vitzthum, 1923) | 200 | recedent | 6 | sporadic |
| Trichouropoda patavina (G. Canestrini, 1885) | 50 | recedent | 5 | sporadic |
| Nenteria floralis (Kardg, 1986) | 17 | recedent | 4 | sporadic |
| Trichouropoda tuberosa (Hirschmann et Z.-Nicol, 1961) | 14 | recedent | 4 | sporadic |
| Uroobovella nova (Oudemans, 1902) | 6 | recedent | 4 | sporadic |
| Uroseius geieri (Schweizer, 1961) | 6 | recedent | 4 | sporadic |
| Nenteria pandioni (Wiśniewski et Hirschmann, 1985) | 10 | recedent | 3 | sporadic |
| Trichouropoda structura (Hirschmann et Z.-Nicol, 1961) | 5 | recedent | 3 | sporadic |
| Dinychus septentrionalis (Trägårdh, 1943) | 2 | recedent | 2 | sporadic |
| Oplitis alophora (Berlese, 1903) | 8 | recedent | 2 | sporadic |
| Oplitis franzi (Hirschmann et Zirngiebl-Nicol, 1969) | 2 | recedent | 2 | sporadic |
| Oplitis philocenta (Trouessart, 1902) | 1 | recedent | 1 | sporadic |
| Oplitis schmitzi (Kneissl, 1908) | 1 | recedent | 1 | sporadic |
| Oplitis stammeri (Hirschmann et Zirngiebl-Nicol, 1961) | 1 | recedent | 1 | sporadic |
| Oplitis wasmanni (Kneissl, 1907) | 1 | recedent | 1 | sporadic |
| Protodinychus punctatus (Evans, 1957) | 2 | recedent | 1 | sporadic |
| Trachyuropoda poppi (Hirschmann et Z.-Nicol, 1969) | 1 | recedent | 1 | sporadic |
| Trichouropoda bipilis (Vitzthum 1921) | 1 | recedent | 1 | sporadic |
| Uroobovella baloghi (Hirschmann et Zirngiebl-Nicol, 1962) | 2 | recedent | 1 | sporadic |
| Uroobovella fimicola (Berlese, 1903) | 2 | recedent | 1 | sporadic |
| Uroobovella ipidis (Vitzthum, 1923) | 1 | recedent | 1 | sporadic |
| Uropoda italica (Hirschmann et Z.-Nicol, 1969) | 1 | recedent | 1 | sporadic |
| Total | 203,871 |
Table 2.
Uropodina species found on nunataks in Poland; MS—Ślęża Massif, GS—Świętokrzyskie Mountains, JKC—Jura Krakowsko-Częstochowska.
Table 2.
Uropodina species found on nunataks in Poland; MS—Ślęża Massif, GS—Świętokrzyskie Mountains, JKC—Jura Krakowsko-Częstochowska.
| Species | MS | GS | JKC |
|---|---|---|---|
| T. aegrota | + | + | + |
| T. irenae | + | + | + |
| D. perforatus | + | + | + |
| C. insularis | + | + | + |
| N. splendida | + | + | + |
| O. minima | + | + | + |
| U. pannonica | + | + | + |
| U. tecta | + | + | + |
| O. ovalis | + | + | + |
| C. erlangensis | + | + | |
| D. cordieri | + | + | |
| P. cylindricus | + | + | |
| T. pauperior | + | + | |
| D. arcuatus | + | + | |
| D. carinatus | + | + | |
| D. modesta | + | + | |
| U.paradoxa | + | + | |
| U. formicarius | + | + | |
| O. kargi | + | + | |
| O. misella | + | + | |
| U. obovata | + | + | |
| P. pulchella | + | + | |
| D. karawaiewi | + | + | |
| D. obscurasimilis | + | + | |
| A. infirmus | + | ||
| T. lamda | + | ||
| T. minima | + | ||
| P.sansonei | + | ||
| D. woelkei | + | ||
| O. alophora | + | ||
| T. coccinea | + | ||
| N. pulherrima | + | ||
| U. undulata | + | ||
| U. orbicularis | + | ||
| U. advena | + | ||
| U. rackei | + | ||
| U. fracta | + | ||
| U. pyriformis | + | ||
| T. curtipilis | + | ||
| T. penicilata | + | ||
| T. polytricha | + | ||
| T. sociata | + | ||
| T. swietokrzyskii | + | ||
| Number of samples | 35 | 42 | 47 |
| Number of species | 11 | 22 | 43 |
+—occurence of the species.
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Błoszyk, J.; Kulczak, M.; Napierała, A. The Pleistocene Glaciations as One of the Major Factors Having Impact on the Current Range of Occurrence and Species Diversity of Mites from the Suborder Uropodina (Acari: Mesostigmata) in Poland. Diversity 2023, 15, 355. https://doi.org/10.3390/d15030355
AMA Style
Błoszyk J, Kulczak M, Napierała A. The Pleistocene Glaciations as One of the Major Factors Having Impact on the Current Range of Occurrence and Species Diversity of Mites from the Suborder Uropodina (Acari: Mesostigmata) in Poland. Diversity. 2023; 15(3):355. https://doi.org/10.3390/d15030355
Chicago/Turabian StyleBłoszyk, Jerzy, Marta Kulczak, and Agnieszka Napierała. 2023. "The Pleistocene Glaciations as One of the Major Factors Having Impact on the Current Range of Occurrence and Species Diversity of Mites from the Suborder Uropodina (Acari: Mesostigmata) in Poland" Diversity 15, no. 3: 355. https://doi.org/10.3390/d15030355
APA StyleBłoszyk, J., Kulczak, M., & Napierała, A. (2023). The Pleistocene Glaciations as One of the Major Factors Having Impact on the Current Range of Occurrence and Species Diversity of Mites from the Suborder Uropodina (Acari: Mesostigmata) in Poland. Diversity, 15(3), 355. https://doi.org/10.3390/d15030355
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