Effects of Land Use on the Community Structure of Aquatic Invertebrate in Subtropical Streams
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Measurements of Environmental Variables
2.3. Macrobenthic Invertebrate Sampling
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Local Environmental Variations
3.2. Changes in the Macroinvertebrates Community
3.3. Relationship between Macrobenthic Invertebrates and Environment
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Taxa | Forest | Rural | Urban | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Megaloptera | Corydalidae | 43 | 4 | 0 |
Odonata | Aeshnidae | 21 | 8 | 1 |
Dicteriadidae | 23 | 17 | 3 | |
Calopterigydae | 73 | 58 | 17 | |
Libellulidae | 153 | 47 | 5 | |
Gomphidae | 16 | 22 | 0 | |
Megapodagrionidae | 53 | 12 | 0 | |
Coenagrionidae | 6 | 3 | 0 | |
Caenidae | 97 | 14 | 0 | |
Ephemeroptera | Baetidae | 402 | 572 | 0 |
Leptohyphidae | 163 | 74 | 0 | |
Leptophlebiidae | 439 | 94 | 0 | |
Plecoptera | Perlidae | 236 | 13 | 0 |
Gripopterygidae | 355 | 25 | 0 | |
Trichoptera | Hydroptilidae | 124 | 185 | 0 |
Hydropsychidae | 387 | 157 | 90 | |
Philopotamidae | 35 | 2 | 0 | |
Leptoceridae | 153 | 15 | 20 | |
Calamoceratidae | 196 | 0 | 0 | |
Lmnephilidae | 12 | 20 | 0 | |
Helicopsychidae | 8 | 0 | 6 | |
Polycentropodidae | 12 | 0 | 0 | |
Diptera | Tipulidae | 124 | 41 | 21 |
Tabanidae | 17 | 12 | 5 | |
Psychodidae | 4 | 0 | 0 | |
Empididae | 227 | 56 | 60 | |
Chironomidae | 10.298 | 4.537 | 51.803 | |
Ceratopogonidae | 403 | 201 | 356 | |
Syrphidae | 3 | 1 | 0 | |
Simuliidae | 366 | 819 | 466 | |
Blephariceridae | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
Chaoboridae | 0 | 13 | 0 | |
Culicidae | 0 | 9 | 0 | |
Coleoptera | Haliplidae | 9 | 0 | 24 |
Elmidae | 782 | 147 | 47 | |
Girinidae | 16 | 26 | 1 | |
Staphylinidae | 13 | 2 | 0 | |
Hydrophilidae | 5 | 2 | 0 | |
Dytiscidae | 14 | 19 | 1 | |
Psephenidae | 100 | 0 | 0 | |
Hemiptera | Gerridae | 15 | 25 | 0 |
Corixidae | 63 | 17 | 0 | |
Pleidae | 7 | 2 | 0 | |
Mesoveliidae | 63 | 73 | 4 | |
Belostomatidae | 25 | 149 | 3 | |
Veliidae | 76 | 12 | 7 | |
Lepidoptera | Pyralidae | 35 | 22 | 0 |
Crambidae | 6 | 0 | 0 | |
Neuroptera | Osmylidae | 0 | 8 | 0 |
Heteroptera | Naucoridae | 18 | 0 | 0 |
Arthropoda | Collembola | 123 | 449 | 22 |
Acari | Hydracarina | 267 | 305 | 38 |
Crustacea | Ostracoda | 19 | 372 | 0 |
Macrobrachium | 20 | 7 | 6 | |
Annelida | Oligochaeta | 354 | 352 | 567 |
Hirudinidae | 29 | 76 | 3.366 | |
Nematoda | Nematoda | 23 | 27 | 33 |
Basommatophora | Planorbidae | 21 | 102 | 68 |
Ancylidae | 10 | 27 | 9 | |
Physidae | 0 | 0 | 2 | |
Caenogastropoda | Thiaridae | 24 | 32 | 249 |
Architaenioglossa | Ampullariidae | 0 | 5 | 39 |
Stylommatophora | Camaenidae | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Veneroida | Pisidiidae | 0 | 223 | 0 |
Sphaeriidae | 13 | 56 | 88 | |
Amphipoda | Hyalellidae | 7 | 0 | 3 |
Littorinimorpha | Hydrobiidae | 0 | 0 | 11 |
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Site | Longitude | Latitude | Site Description |
---|---|---|---|
F 1 | 49°8′48″ O | 27°11′59″ S | Stream upstream of the basin, a shaded, lotic environment with rapids and few backwaters, near the main tributary. |
F 2 | 49°07′12″ O | 27°10′45″ S | Stream upstream of the watershed, partially shaded, lotic environment with rapids and backwaters, heterogeneous substrate. Located after the waterfall, on private property. |
F 3 | 48°54′45″ O | 27°10′47″ S | Stream in the intermediate region, between upstream and downstream of the main course of the river in the watershed, shaded and lotic environment, heterogeneous substrate, presence of downstream dwellings. |
F 4 | 48°46′34″ O | 27°03′29″ S | Stream downstream of the basin, partially shaded, lotic environment with rapids and backwaters, heterogeneous substrate, far from the main tributary, with animal breeding in the surrounding area. Located on private property. |
R 1 | 48°47′44″ O | 26°59′36″ S | Stream downstream of the basin, without shading, lentic environment, homogeneous substrate, distant from the main tributary. |
R 2 | 48°46′03″ O | 26°58′58″ S | Stream downstream of the basin, without shading, lentic environment, homogeneous substrate with the presence of periphyton, near the main tributary, surrounded by rice plantations. |
R 3 | 48°43′05″ O | 27°01′32″ S | Stream downstream of the basin, partially shaded, intermediate flow environment, heterogeneous substrate, located on private property, with animal breeding in the surrounding area. |
R 4 | 48°47′13″ O | 26°57′15″ S | Stream downstream of the basin, without shading, intermediate flow environment, homogeneous substrate, fine. Stream partially piped (rural road), with a steep slope. |
U 1 | 48°58′06″ O | 27°08′25″ S | Stream in the intermediate region, between upstream and downstream of the main course of the river, without shading, a lentic environment, and a homogeneous substrate. Water with a foul odor, the formation of supernatant oil, and pigmentation. Stream in the allotment region, with a steep slope. |
U 2 | 48°56′38″ O | 27°07′45″ S | Stream in the intermediate region, between upstream and downstream of the main course of the river, shaded, with intermediate flow and heterogeneous substrate. Presence of supernatant oil in the water, surrounded by banana plantations and partially piped. |
U 3 | 48°90′40″ O | 27°04′34″ S | Stream in the intermediate region, between upstream and downstream of the main course of the river, partially shaded, with intermediate flow and homogeneous substrate. Water with a foul odor, Chinonomidae larvae with red pigmentation in the flow, and the presence of direct sewage in the site. |
U 4 | 48°54′23″ O | 27°03′15″ S | Stream in the intermediate region, between upstream and downstream of the main course of the river, without shading, environment and intermediate flow, homogeneous substrate, with steep slope. Water with a foul odor, pigmentation, and the presence of larvae of the Hirudinea group in the flow, with direct sewage in the site |
Land Use | Season | Temp (°C) | pH (Unit) | DO (mg/L−1) | Cond (µS cm−1) | TP (mg/L−1) | NO3 (mg/L−1) | NO2 (mg/L−1) | NH4 (mg/L−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Forest | Summer | 23.11 ± 0.56 | 8.32 ± 0.21 | 9.61 ± 0.89 | 43.62 ± 23.99 | 0.01 ± 0 | 0.33 ± 0.09 | 0.05 ± 0 | 0.11 ± 0.01 |
Fall | 17.21 ± 0.64 | 8.12 ± 0.04 | 8.56 ± 0.88 | 36.53 ± 17.44 | 0.02 ± 0 | 0.38 ± 0.13 | 0.05 ± 0 | 0.10 ± 0 | |
Winter | 16.95 ± 0.87 | 7.95 ± 0.36 | 8.60 ± 0.26 | 36.57 ± 16.93 | 0.02 ± 0 | 0.33 ± 0.12 | 0.10 ± 0 | 0.10 ± 0 | |
Spring | 16.67 ± 0.56 | 7.24 ± 0.40 | 8.09 ± 0.34 | 33.58 ± 15.34 | 0.01 ± 0 | 0.45 ± 0.14 | 0.10 ± 0 | 0.10 ± 0 | |
Rural | Summer | 23.45 ± 0.50 | 7.67 ± 0.18 | 6.38 ± 2.32 | 61.17 ± 12.47 | 0.17 ± 0.29 | 0.21 ± 0.01 | 0.05 ± 0 | 0.18 ± 0.13 |
Fall | 18.03 ± 0.26 | 7.37 ± 0.22 | 6.63 ± 2.30 | 44.56 ± 9.04 | 0.10 ± 0.10 | 0.36 ± 0.10 | 0.05 ± 0 | 0.10 ± 0 | |
Winter | 17.93 ± 0.59 | 7.20 ± 0.65 | 5.50 ± 1.31 | 55.82 ± 10.31 | 0.04 ± 0.02 | 0.28 ± 0.15 | 0.10 ± 0 | 1.01 ± 1.38 | |
Spring | 17.41 ± 0.19 | 7.06 ± 0.67 | 6.18 ± 2.31 | 84.49 ± 65.87 | 0.10 ± 0.10 | 0.45 ± 0.36 | 0.10 ± 0 | 1.37 ± 1.82 | |
Urban | Summer | 23.87 ± 0.19 | 7.22 ± 0.33 | 3.82 ± 1.27 | 250.11 ± 70.90 | 0.51 ± 0.29 | 0.52 ± 0.57 | 0.09 ± 0.04 | 7.79 ± 2.83 |
Fall | 18.44 ± 0.32 | 7.11 ± 0.08 | 3.13 ± 1.39 | 200.29 ± 134.97 | 0.40 ± 0.22 | 0.53 ± 0.42 | 0.23 ± 0.26 | 3.90 ± 3.09 | |
Winter | 18.32 ± 0.10 | 7.22 ± 0.28 | 4.39 ± 2.14 | 272.00 ± 129.01 | 0.53 ± 0.42 | 0.55 ± 0.70 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 4.80 ± 4.12 | |
Spring | 17.87 ± 0.42 | 6.45 ± 0.14 | 3.48 ± 2.28 | 196.36 ± 49.31 | 0.91 ± 0.83 | 0.63 ± 0.62 | 0.12 ± 0.02 | 5.31 ± 3.37 |
Land Use | Season | Wid (m) | Vel (m/s) | Dep (m) | Pluv (mm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Summer | 2.64 ± 1.23 | 0.30 ± 0.07 | 0.14 ± 0.04 | 33.27 ± 14.76 | |
Forest | Fall | 2.88 ± 0.42 | 0.37 ± 0.18 | 0.12 ± 0.03 | 144.00 ± 11.66 |
Winter | 1.88 ± 0.12 | 0.34 ± 0.10 | 0.12 ± 0.03 | 6.35 ± 3.50 | |
Spring | 3.42 ± 1.36 | 0.32 ± 0.08 | 0.18 ± 0.06 | 19.99 ± 9.52 | |
Summer | 2.86 ± 1.39 | 0.10 ± 0.16 | 0.21 ± 0.13 | 57.08 ± 6.98 | |
Rural | Fall | 2.42 ± 1.10 | 0.12 ± 0.24 | 0.22 ± 0.05 | 159.65 ± 0.10 |
Winter | 1.75 ± 1.35 | 0.19 ± 0.31 | 0.19 ± 0.11 | 2.54 ± 2.52 | |
Spring | 1.81 ± 1.15 | 0.08 ± 0.16 | 0.21 ± 0.12 | 12.39 ± 6.22 | |
Summer | 2.06 ± 0.92 | 0.19 ± 0.16 | 0.23 ± 0.11 | 44.96 ± 9.97 | |
Urban | Fall | 1.41 ± 0.34 | 0.20 ± 0.16 | 0.17 ± 0.03 | 152.24 ± 8.61 |
Winter | 1.44 ± 0.61 | 0.18 ± 0.17 | 0.15 ± 0.02 | 1.53 ± 0.29 | |
Spring | 1.48 ± 0.47 | 0.13 ± 0.11 | 0.14 ± 0.02 | 25.06 ± 30.16 |
Abundance | Richness | Shannon (H) | Simpson (D) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Treatment | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD |
Forest | 1038.06 ± 514.70 | 26.75 ± 1.96 | 4.68 ± 2.82 | 2.24 ± 1.91 |
Rural | 591.81 ± 254.93 | 20.62 ± 3.64 | 5.45 ± 2.30 | 3.47 ± 1.80 |
Urban | 2340.16 ± 3044.18 | 8.56 ± 4.51 | 2.21 ± 1.77 | 2.01 ± 113 |
Estimate | Std. Error | Z value | Pr(>|z|) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Intercept | 1.978 | 0.092 | 21.289 | <0.001 |
Rural Use | −0.083 | 0.134 | −0.624 | 0.532 |
Urban Use | −0.969 | 0.181 | −5.341 | <0.001 |
Fixed Effects | Estimate | Std. Error | Z value | Pr(>|z|) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Intercept | 1.318 | 0.129 | 10.201 | <0.001 |
Rural Use | 0.015 | 0.182 | 0.085 | 0.931 |
Urban Use | −0.587 | 0.220 | −2.661 | <0.001 |
Fixed Effects | Estimate | Std. Error | t Value | Pr(>|t|) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Intercept | 5.859 | 0.228 | 25.672 | <0.001 |
TP | 0.922 | 0.425 | 2.168 | 0.030 |
Cond | 0.003 | 0.001 | 2.465 | 0.013 |
Vel | 2.691 | 0.677 | 3.975 | <0.001 |
Fixed Effects | Estimate | Std. Error | t Value | Pr(>|t|) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Intercept | −11.338 | 10.450 | −1.085 | 0.284 |
Cond | −0.040 | 0.008 | −5.030 | <0.001 |
NO3 | 4.609 | 2.019 | 2.282 | 0.027 |
Dep | 25.497 | 9.049 | 2.818 | 0.007 |
pH | 2.878 | 1.410 | 2.041 | 0.047 |
DO | 1.353 | 0.382 | 3.536 | 0.001 |
Pluv | −0.030 | 0.010 | −2.766 | 0.008 |
Fixed Effects | Estimate | Std. Error | t Value | Pr(>|t|) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Intercept | 1.468 | 0.216 | 6.778 | <0.001 |
Cond | −0.003 | <0.001 | −3.726 | <0.001 |
NO3 | 0.536 | 0.228 | 2.355 | 0.018 |
Wid | 0.139 | 0.058 | 2.367 | 0.017 |
MEM1 | −0.196 | 0.069 | −2.842 | 0.004 |
Fixed Effects | Estimate | Std. Error | t Value | Pr(>|t|) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Intercept | −1.020 | 1.080 | −0.944 | 0.345 |
pH | 0.287 | 0.143 | 2.002 | 0.045 |
MEM1 | −0.259 | 0.083 | −3.097 | <0.001 |
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© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Bohn, I.C.; Branco, J.O.; Cionek, V.d.M.; Costa, V.S.C.d.; Silva, A.L.L.d.; Ribeiro, E.A.W. Effects of Land Use on the Community Structure of Aquatic Invertebrate in Subtropical Streams. Diversity 2024, 16, 497. https://doi.org/10.3390/d16080497
Bohn IC, Branco JO, Cionek VdM, Costa VSCd, Silva ALLd, Ribeiro EAW. Effects of Land Use on the Community Structure of Aquatic Invertebrate in Subtropical Streams. Diversity. 2024; 16(8):497. https://doi.org/10.3390/d16080497
Chicago/Turabian StyleBohn, Isabel Cristina, Joaquim Olinto Branco, Vivian de Mello Cionek, Vinícius Soares Correa da Costa, Aurea Luiza Lemes da Silva, and Eduardo Augusto Werneck Ribeiro. 2024. "Effects of Land Use on the Community Structure of Aquatic Invertebrate in Subtropical Streams" Diversity 16, no. 8: 497. https://doi.org/10.3390/d16080497