Enhancing the Longevity and Structural Stability of Humidity Sensors: Iron Thin Films with Nitride Bonding Synthesized via Magnetic Field-Assisted Sparking Discharge
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Substrate | C 1s | N 1s | O 1s | Fe 2p3/2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
BE (eV) | BE (eV) | BE (eV) | BE (eV) | |
Iron wires sparked under pure nitrogen atmosphere without magnetic field; aged for more than 120 days | 284.861 (51.7%) 285.824 (22.2%) 286.995 (9.4%) 288.374 (16.8%) | 396.145 (22.0%) 397.302 (9.6%) 398.839 (14.8%) 399.896 (21.2%) 402.077 (23.1%) 403.234 (9.3%) | 529.839 (27.1%) 531.160 (21.8%) 532.029 (11.8%) 533.133 (30.0%) 534.526 (5.45%) 535.938 (3.9%) | 709.787 (18.4%) 710.920 (26%) 712.336 (20.7%) |
Iron sparked under nitrogen atmosphere under magnetic field of 0.2 T; aged for more than 120 days | 284.943 (69.2%) 285.964 (11.8%) 286.908 (8.2%) 288.570 (10.8%) | 396.322 (26.8%) 399.947 (31.0%) 402.275 (27.3%) 403.588 (14.9%) | 530.012 (19.3%) 531.432 (19.4%) 532.762 (57.6%) 534.291 (3.7%) | 710.119 (21.4%) 711.318 (25.7%) 712.734 (18.4%) |
Iron sparked under nitrogen atmosphere with magnetic field and treatment with nitrite/nitrate 1% solution; aged for 120 days | 284.898 (64.5%) 285.974 (16.5%) 287.032 (7.5%) 288.410 (11.5%) | 399.896 (19.8%) 403.421 (17.0%) 407.079 (63.1%) | 529.475 (11.8%) 530.841 (19.0%) 531.824 (26.2%) 532.644 (35.8%) 534.028 (4.5%) 535.776 (2.7%) | 709.706 (22.2%) 710.936 (25.1%) 712.298 (17.5%) |
Iron sparked under ambient oxygen atmosphere in the presence of magnetic field; aged for 120 days | 284.937 (67.4%) 286.202 (14.6%) 287.033 (6.2%) 288.695 (11.9%) | 400.097 (20.6%) 407.163 (79.4%) | 530.129 (28.5%) 531.595 (35.3%) 532.807 (36.2%) | 710.319 (20.1%) 711.329 (25.0%) 712.556 (19.3%) |
Iron wires sparked in pure nitrogen atmosphere without magnetic field, treated with nitrite/nitrate 1% solution; aged for more than 120 days | 285.007 (71.1%) 286.329 (12.4%) 287.367 (4.4%) 288.595 (12.2%) | 396.458 (23.5%) 399.763 (36.7%) 402.588 (21.1%) 406.983 (18.7%) | 530.029 (36.4%) 531.477 (38.6%) 532.906 (25.0%) | 709.970 (21.2%) 711.071 (25.2%) 712.330 (18.6%) |
Iron wire sparked under ambient oxygen atmosphere without magnetic field; aged for more than 120 days | 285.037 (72.5%) 286.396 (14.9%) 287.397 (3.8%) 288.813 (8.8%) | 400.211 (25.2%) 402.193 (14.0%) 407.101 (60.8%) | 530.239 (18.2%) 531.714 (21.1%) 533.007 (58.1%) 534.427 (2.6%) | 710.422 (22.2%) 711.586 (25.4%) 712.971 (17.8%) |
Freshly prepared iron sparked under pure nitrogen atmosphere under magnetic field | 284.975 (65.3%) 286.089 (20.7%) 287.033 (4.6%) 288.619 (9.4%) | 396.245 (26.2%) 397.236 (11.3%) 399.186 (12.6%) 400.326 (8.9%) 402.325 (17.4%) 403.399 (10.4%) 406.868 (13.2%) | 529.920 (46.0%) 531.341 (30.2%) 532.561 (14.6%) 533.435 (9.3%) | 708.528 (3.4%) 710.164 (24.9%) 711.392 (21.6%) 712.682 (13.9%) |
Freshly prepared iron sparked under ambient oxygen atmosphere under magnetic field | 285.056 (64.9%) 286.264 (21.0%) 287.341 (3.5%) 288.681 (10.6%) | 399.913 (27.2%) 406.935 (72.8%) | 530.075 (31.2%) 531.240 (16.2%) 531.896 (13.9%) 533.025 (36.9%) 534.464 (1.8%) | 710.138 (20.2%) 711.177 (26.1%) 712.530 (20.0%) |
Method | Material | Response Time (s) | Recovery Time (s) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
sparking discharge | iron-based nanoparticles | 0.8 | 2.85 | This work |
screen-printing method | graphene–carbon (G-C) ink | 4 | 6 | [31] |
drop-casting method | GO film | 0.3 | 0.3 | [32] |
screen-printing method | hexagonal-WO3 nanowires | 1.5 | [33] | |
electrostatic flocculation | hyaluronic acid (HA)-induced crumpling of Nb2CTx nanosheet | 15.1 | 3.4 | [34] |
Hydrothermal method and green reducing agent route | graphene quantum dots (GQDs) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) | 15 | 15 | [35] |
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Ručman, S.; Tippo, P.; Panthawan, A.; Jhuntama, N.; Jumrus, N.; Singjai, P. Enhancing the Longevity and Structural Stability of Humidity Sensors: Iron Thin Films with Nitride Bonding Synthesized via Magnetic Field-Assisted Sparking Discharge. Sensors 2024, 24, 5466. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175466
Ručman S, Tippo P, Panthawan A, Jhuntama N, Jumrus N, Singjai P. Enhancing the Longevity and Structural Stability of Humidity Sensors: Iron Thin Films with Nitride Bonding Synthesized via Magnetic Field-Assisted Sparking Discharge. Sensors. 2024; 24(17):5466. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175466
Chicago/Turabian StyleRučman, Stefan, Posak Tippo, Arisara Panthawan, Niwat Jhuntama, Nidchamon Jumrus, and Pisith Singjai. 2024. "Enhancing the Longevity and Structural Stability of Humidity Sensors: Iron Thin Films with Nitride Bonding Synthesized via Magnetic Field-Assisted Sparking Discharge" Sensors 24, no. 17: 5466. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175466