Electrochemical Sensors for Antibiotic Detection: A Focused Review with a Brief Overview of Commercial Technologies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. General Principles of Electrochemical Biosensors
2.1. Amperometric Biosensors
2.2. Potentiometric Biosensors
2.3. Coulometric Biosensors
2.4. Impedimetric Biosensors
3. Types of Electrochemical Biosensors Used for Antibiotic Detection
3.1. Aptamer-Based Electrochemical Sensors
3.2. Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Based Electrochemical Sensors
Sensor Type | Target Molecule | Method of Detection | Limit of Detection | Sample | Monomer | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SPE combined with an MIP prepared from dual functional monomers. | Erythromycin Clarithromycin Azithromycin | DPV | 1.1–1.6 nM | Buffer, Tap water samples | m-phenylenediamine | [112] |
Gold screen-printed electrode (Au-SPE) functionalized via electropolymerization of custom-made conjugated monomer (Th2-NDI-PIA) | Streptomycin sulfate | DPV | 0.190 pM | Buffer, tap water | Th2-NDI-PIA | [113] |
Electropolymerized MIPs onto a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) | Azithromycin | DPV | 0.08 µM | Water samples | 4-aminobenzoic acid | [114] |
MIP electrodeposited onto the surface of AuNPs/rGo/single-walled carbon nanotube-modified GCE | Pefloxacin | DPV | 16 nM | Milk | o-phenylenediamine (oPD) | [115] |
CO2 laser-induced graphene (LIG) with AuNPs and MIPs | Tetracycline | DPV | 0.32 nM 0.85 nM 0.80 nM | Buffer, Milk, Meat | oPD | [116] |
Nanocomposite molecularly imprinted polymer (nanoMIP) using oxidised MWNCTs and ultrathin overoxidised polypyrrole MIP | Sulfamethoxazole | DPV | 0.41 μM | Buffer | pyrrole | [117] |
Dual recognition MIP-coated graphene oxide loaded with CdTe quantum dots/AuNPs (GO/CdTe/AuNPs) on an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode | Amoxicillin | DPV EIS | 8.3 pM | Buffer | α-methacrylic acid | [110] |
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and MIP-based electrochemical sensors | Norfloxacin | EIS | 0.15 ng/mL | Aquaculture water | 4-aminothiophenol | [111] |
Bifunctional dual-template molecularly imprinted polymer-modified electrode | Ceftazidime Avibactam | EIS SWV | 35 μM 0.5 μM | Serum samples | o-PD | [118] |
Sensor using magnetic nanoparticles (mag) and molecularly imprinted polymer | Tetracycline | SWV | 0.15 μM | Milk | Acrylic acid | [119] |
Molecularly imprinted electrochemiluminescence (ECL) sensor using amino-functional titanium carbide nanodots (TNDs) and carbon nitride nanosheets (CNNS) | Ciprofloxacin | ECL EIS | 1.2 nM | Food samples including chicken, milk, and pork | o-PD | [120] |
MIP sensor using electro-polymerization with surface-deposited AuNPs | Sufhaguanidine Sulfamerazine | CV DPV CA | 0.030 µM | Human fluids | oPD | [121] |
Chitosan gold nanoparticle-decorated MIP (Ch-AuMIP) modified GCE | Ciprofloxacin | CV | 0.210 µM | Water | Methacrylic acid (MAA) | [122] |
MIP electrochemical sensor using Fe3N-Co2N nanoarray with high electric conductivity and large surface area for MIP growth | Ampicillin | CV EIS | 0.365 nM | Milk samples | N-N-dimethyl bisacrylamide | [123] |
MIP coated on graphene oxide deposited as a thin film on GCE | Amoxicillin | CV DPV | 0.294 nM | Buffer | APTES + PTES | [124] |
Fe-doped porous carbon (Fe-PC)-modified Au electrode covered with MIP film electropolymerized onto an electrode | Lomefloxacin | CV DPV EIS | 0.2 nM | Water samples | o-PD | [125] |
MIP-based biomimetic layer electrodeposited onto a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) | Azithromycin | CV EIS | 0.85 nM | Spiked plasma, tears, and urine samples | 3-thienyl boronic acid | [126] |
Aggregation-based ECL sensor using ferriferous oxide@Pt NPs for signal amplification | Ciprofloxacin | CV EIS | 0.60 pM | Meat samples | 4-aminothiophenol | [127] |
Screen-printed electrode | Erythromycin | CV EIS | 0.1 nM | Buffer | MAA | [128] |
3.3. Antibody-Based Electrochemical Sensors
4. Commercially Available Sensors for Antibiotic Detection
4.1. Gold-Standard Technologies
4.2. Optical-Based Sensors
4.3. Immunoassay-Based Sensors
4.4. Electrochemical-Based Biosensors
5. General Conclusion and Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Biorecognition Element | Advantages | Disadvantages |
---|---|---|
Antibody Enzyme | Selectivity, Reusability, High specificity, Versatility | Reproducibility, Batch variations, Processing stability, Cost; Limited shelf-life |
Nucleic Acids Aptamers | Sensitivity, Reproducibility | Cost, Non-specific binding interactions, Stability |
Molecularly imprinted polymers | Stability, Reusability, Low cost | Reproducibility, Template removal from cavities |
Surface imprinted polymers | Selectivity, Robustness | Scalability, Template availability |
Sensor Type | Target Molecule | Method of Detection | Limit of Detection | Sample | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Modified nanocomposite including multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), chitosan (CS), and modified nanosheets to bind with OTC-specific aptamer | Oxytetracycline | DPV | 30 pM | Spiked milk samples | [95] |
Dual-labeled multiple aptasensor using RNA-based aptamer strands, semiconductor quantum dots (QDs), and gold nanoshells (AuNSs). Conjugation of biotinylated aptamers to SA-coated sadmium sulfide (CdS) and lead sulfide (PbS) QDs. | Kanamycin Tobramycin | DPV | 0.12 nM 0.49 nM | Spiked milk | [96] |
Aptamer (Apt) BSA/Apt/indole/MWCNTs/GCE with the synergistic amplification of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and indole | Sulfadoxine | DPV | 0.033 μM | buffer | [97] |
Novel 3D honeycombed goldnanovoids@aptamer nanostructured platform with ferrocene labeling on aptamer strands | Tetracycline | DPV | 1.2 nM | Wastewater | [98] |
Aptamer sequence bonded onto bismuth oxide nanofibers paired with AuNPs | Ampicillin | DPV | 0.88 nM | Water and milk | [99] |
Exonuclease III (Exo III)-aided target-aptamer binding recycling (ETBR) activated bipedal DNA machine | Kanamycin | CV DPV | 7.1fM | buffer | [100] |
Polyethyleneimine grafted rGO and titanium dioxide nanocomposite material | Ciprofloxacin | DPV EIS | 0.7 nM | Real water samples | [101] |
Aptasensor prepared using AuNPs combined with ferroferric oxide-multi walled carbon nanotube (Fe3O4-MWCNTs) complex | Penicillin antibiotics (PENs) | CV DPV EIS | 0.667 nM | Spiked milk samples | [102] |
DNA aptamer and partially complementary short chain assembled onto integrated portable plastic gold electrode (PGE) through Au-S bonds. | Kanamycin | SWV CV | 0.40 μM | Buffer | [93] |
Thiolated aptamer labeled with ferrocene covalently co-immobilized onto a gold electrode surface with 6-mercaptohexan-1-ol | Tetracycline | SWV | 0.20 nM | Spiked milk | [94] |
Nanocomposite comprising a functionalized MOF, a MWCNT@reduced graphene oxide nanoribbon, and a covalent organic framework (COF). cDNA strands with terminal amino groups anchored on the surface, as well as penetration into the pores | Kanamycin | SWV CV | 13 nM | Fish Meat Milk | [103] |
Amplified aptasensor using Immobilized DNA strands on AuNPs/Fe-based metal organic framework (MOF) | Tobramycin | SWV | 56 pM | Spiked milk samples | [104] |
MOF of Ni2+-2,3,6,7,10,11-hexahydroxytriphenylene (Ni-HHTP) coated on a SPE, followed by non-covalent adsorption of tetracycline aptamer (TC-Apt) through the π-stacking | Tetracycline | CV SWV | 1.9 pM | buffer | [105] |
Sensor Type | Target Molecule | Method of Detection | Limit of Detection | Sample | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A composite o0066 chitosan (CH) and thioglycolic acid capped vanadium sulfide quantum dots (TGA-VS2QDs) was constructed on glass substrate coated with ITO film to form electrodes on which monoclonal antibodies (mAb) for amoxicillin were immobilized | Amoxicillin | DPV | 1.65 pM | Spiked fish | [136] |
Immunosensor based on AgNPs-reduced graphene oxide (AgNPs-rGO) and staphylococcal protein A (SPA) that was targeted to immobilize mAb | Virginiamycin M1 | DPV | 0.18 ng mL−1 | Meat | [58] |
A cephalexin–bovine serum albumin (CFX-BSA) conjugate was developed to create antibodies (Abs). Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) were used for signal enhancement | Cephalexin | DPV | 0.53 fM | Spiked animal source food | [137] |
Anti-quinolone Ab immobilized onto screen-printed dual carbon electrodes | Enrofloxacin | DPV | 3 ng mL−1 | Meat | [131] |
molybdenum disulfide nanoparticles (nMoS2NPs) deposited on ITO-coated glass substrate with Abs bonded through amide linkages | Ampicillin | DPV | 0.028 µg mL−1 | Milk, orange juice, and tap water | [138] |
Sensor based on AgNPs-rGO nanocomposite and concanavalin A (ConA) that was bound to mAbs through lectin–sugar interactions | Arsanilic acid | DPV | 0.008 ng mL−1 | Buffer, chicken, eggs | [135] |
Nanocomposite-modified glass carbon electrode (GCE) with a biospecific CeO2-chitosan (CHIT)-modified nanocomposite on which polyclonal Abs were immobilized | Sulfamethoxazole | DPV | 1.3 nM | Buffer or food | [139] |
Immunosensor platform based on Ab-conjugated magnetic particles on an electrode surface that uses a 3D cell to accumulate the analyte | Amoxicillin | SWV | 0.44 µM | Raw milk | [140] |
Origami paper-based analytical device (oPAD) with multiple Ab zones for simultaneous quinolone residue detection | Norfloxacin, Enrofloxacin | SWV | 2.02 ng mL−1 1.70 ng mL−1 | Food | [141] |
A graphite composite electrode (GEC), biofunctionalized magnetic μ-particles, and electrochemical nanoprobes prepared by labeling specific antibodies with CdS nanoparticles (CdSNP). | Sulfapyridine | SWV | 0.11 μg kg−1 | Honey | [142] |
rGO-gadolinium oxide nanocomposite (rGO@Gd2O3 NC) with suspended mAbs on a SPE | Gentamicin | CV | 0.424 pM | Milk | [143] |
Nanoconstructed lanthanum oxide nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite (nLa2O3 NP@rGO)-based platform functionalized with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and attachment on ITO-coated substrate. mAbs immobilized onto surface. | Ciprofloxacin | CV DPV EIS | 0.055 μg mL−1 | Milk | [144] |
Tyramine (TA) electropolymerized resulting in an ultrathin polytyramine (PTA) film on a gold-coated silicon electrode (AuE) modified with polyclonal antibodies | Tetracycline | EIS | 0.01 μg L−1 | Spiked buffer | [145] |
Company | Technology | Product | LoD | Time Required | Sample Types | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ThermoFisher Scientific | HPLC and MS | Vanquish UHPLC and Orbitrap MS | Ppb levels | 30–60 min per sample | Food, water, biological fluids | [152] |
Charm Sciences | Microbiological Assays | ROSA Lateral Flow System | Low ppb levels | 1–2 h per batch | Food, dairy products | [153] |
Sciex | CE | Capillary Electrophoresis System | Low ng/mL range | 20–40 min per sample | Water, biological fluids, pharmaceuticals | [154] |
Bruker Corporation (Billerica, MA, USA) | MS | MBT STAR-Carba IVD | Low ppb levels | 10–20 min per sample | Food, water, pharmaceuticals | [155] |
JEOL Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan) | NMR | ECZ500R NMR Spectrometer | Ppb levels | 1–2 h per sample | Biological fluids, complex mixtures | [156] |
Waters Corporation | LC-MS/UV–Vis | Xevo TQ-S micro LC-MS/MS System | Ppt levels | 30–60 min per sample | Food, biological fluids, environmental samples | [157] |
Company | Product | Sample Types | Time Required | LoD | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Meizheng (Rizhoa, China) | ELISA Kit | Food, water, biological tissues | 1–2 h | 0.05 ppb | [167] |
Meizheng | Nitroimidazole ELISA Test Kit | Animal tissues and eggs | 1–2 h | 0.2 ppb | [168] |
Creative Diagnostics (Shirley, NY, USA) | ELISA Kits for Drug Residues Detection | Water, food, Biological tissues | 2 h | 0.01–1.5 ppb | [169] |
Neogen Corporation | Veratox for Tetracyclines | Dairy | 30 min | 1 ppb | [170] |
Gold Standard Diagnostics (Warminster, PA, USA) | SENSISpec Tetracycline ELISA | Meat, milk, shrimp, and honey | 1–2 h | 0.05–2 ppb | [171] |
Abcam (Cambridge, UK) | Antibiotic Residue Detection ELISA Kit | Tissues, Milk | 1.5 h | 0.1 ppb | [172] |
MP Biomedicals (Irvine, CA, USA) | Quick Test Kit for Antibiotics | Milk, meat, seafood | 1 h | 0.2 ppb | [173] |
BioVision (Zurich, Switzerland) | Antibiotic Residue ELISA Kit | Milk, Tissues | 2 h | 0.3 ppb | [174] |
Company | Product | Sample Types | Time Required | LoD | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Randox Food Diagnostics | Antibiotic Array | Milk, meat, fish | 30 min | 0.5 ppb | [175] |
Charm Sciences Inc. | SLBL Beta-Lactam Test | Dairy products | ~5 min | 1 ppb | [176] |
Metrohm (Bangkok, Thailand) | AN-P-037 | Food, water | 1 h | 0.1 ppb | [177] |
PalmSens | PalmSens4 Potentiostat | Food, environmental samples | ~30 min | 0.05 ppb | [178] |
Dropsens (Metrohm) | Screen-Printed Electrodes | Food, water | ~20 min | 0.01–10 ppb | [179] |
PalmSens | Sensit Smart | Food, clinical samples | ~45 min | 0.1 ppb | [180] |
ZP (Zimmer and Peacock) (Skoppum, Norway) | ZP Anapot | Environmental samples | 30 min | 0.05 ppb | [181] |
Analytik Jena (Jena, Germany) | Multi EA 5100 | Water, food, biological samples | 1 h | 0.2 ppb | [182] |
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Frigoli, M.; Krupa, M.P.; Hooyberghs, G.; Lowdon, J.W.; Cleij, T.J.; Diliën, H.; Eersels, K.; van Grinsven, B. Electrochemical Sensors for Antibiotic Detection: A Focused Review with a Brief Overview of Commercial Technologies. Sensors 2024, 24, 5576. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175576
Frigoli M, Krupa MP, Hooyberghs G, Lowdon JW, Cleij TJ, Diliën H, Eersels K, van Grinsven B. Electrochemical Sensors for Antibiotic Detection: A Focused Review with a Brief Overview of Commercial Technologies. Sensors. 2024; 24(17):5576. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175576
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrigoli, Margaux, Mikolaj P. Krupa, Geert Hooyberghs, Joseph W. Lowdon, Thomas J. Cleij, Hanne Diliën, Kasper Eersels, and Bart van Grinsven. 2024. "Electrochemical Sensors for Antibiotic Detection: A Focused Review with a Brief Overview of Commercial Technologies" Sensors 24, no. 17: 5576. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175576