Nanoporous Gold-Modified Screen-Printed Electrodes for the Simultaneous Determination of Pb2+ and Cu2+ in Water
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Reagents and Materials
2.2. Instruments
2.3. Experimental Methods
2.3.1. Electrode Modification
2.3.2. SWASV Determination of Pb2+ and Cu2+
2.4. Real Sample Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Investigation of NPG/SPCE Preparation
3.1.1. Study on Cyclic Voltammetry Characteristics of SPCE in Deposition Solution
3.1.2. Optimization of Deposition Potential and Deposition Time
3.2. Morphological Characterization and Element Analysis of SPCE
3.3. Electrochemical Characterization of NPG/SPCE
3.3.1. Electrode Evaluation with Cyclic Voltammetry
3.3.2. Comparison of Electrode Performance for Heavy Metal Detection
3.4. Optimization of Experimental Parameters in SWASV
3.4.1. Supporting Electrolyte
3.4.2. Deposition Potential and Deposition Time
3.4.3. Stirring Rate
3.5. Analytical Performance of NPG/SPCE for the Detection of Pb2+ and Cu2+
3.6. Recovery Study
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Electrode Substrate | Electrode Modification | Linear Range (μg/L) | Limit of Detection | Applications | References | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pb2+ | Cu2+ | Pb2+ | Cu2+ | ||||
Screen-printed gold electrode | GNP 1 | 20–200 | 20–200 | 2.2 | 1.6 | - | [36] |
Glassy carbon electrode | Ce-CNFs 2 | 0.9–2.1 | 0.6–1.8 | 0.6 | 0.3 | River water | [37] |
SPCE | Calixarene | 100–2400 | 100–2400 | 38 | 40 | Waste water | [38] |
Carbon paste electrode | RGO/Bi 3 | 20–120 | 20–100 | 0.55 | 26 | Ground-water | [39] |
Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) | 250–1500 | 250–1500 | 28.4 | 3.7 | Fish | [40] | |
Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) | / | / | 0.4 | 0.5 | Seawater | [41] | |
Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) | / | / | 125 | 12 | water | [42] | |
SPCE | NPG | 1–100 | 10–100 | 0.4 | 5.4 | Tap-water | This work |
Sample | Spiked (μg/L) | Found (μg/L) | Recovery Rate (%) | RSD * (%) | Found by ICP-MS (μg/L) | |Error| (%) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pb2+ | Cu2+ | Pb2+ | Cu2+ | Pb2+ | Cu2+ | Pb2+ | Cu2+ | Pb2+ | Cu2+ | Pb2+ | Cu2+ | |
Bottled water | 0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.18 | 0.46 | - | - | |
30 | 29.2 | 29.6 | 97.4 | 98.5 | 1.01 | 1.04 | 29.6 | 30.9 | 1.35 | 4.21 | ||
60 | 56.7 | 58.9 | 94.5 | 98.1 | 2.78 | 2.12 | 61.2 | 58.8 | 7.35 | 0.17 | ||
Tap water | 0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.32 | 1.32 | - | - | |
30 | 30.8 | 32.3 | 102.8 | 107.5 | 2.90 | 3.20 | 31.0 | 31.7 | 0.65 | 1.89 | ||
60 | 60.2 | 63.3 | 100.3 | 105.5 | 3.82 | 3.68 | 60.5 | 61.9 | 0.50 | 2.26 |
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Li, Y.; Chen, X.; Yuan, Z.; Yi, Z.; Wang, Z.; Wang, R. Nanoporous Gold-Modified Screen-Printed Electrodes for the Simultaneous Determination of Pb2+ and Cu2+ in Water. Sensors 2024, 24, 5745. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175745
Li Y, Chen X, Yuan Z, Yi Z, Wang Z, Wang R. Nanoporous Gold-Modified Screen-Printed Electrodes for the Simultaneous Determination of Pb2+ and Cu2+ in Water. Sensors. 2024; 24(17):5745. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175745
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Yongfang, Xuan Chen, Zhiyong Yuan, Zhijian Yi, Zijun Wang, and Rui Wang. 2024. "Nanoporous Gold-Modified Screen-Printed Electrodes for the Simultaneous Determination of Pb2+ and Cu2+ in Water" Sensors 24, no. 17: 5745. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175745