In Vitro Antioxidant and Bactericidal Efficacy of 15 Common Spices: Novel Therapeutics for Urinary Tract Infections?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Spice Extracts
2.2. Phytochemical Assessment of Spices
2.3. Quantification of Total Phenolic Content
2.4. Quantification of Total Flavonoid Content
2.5. Antioxidant Assay
2.6. Collection of Urinary Pathogens
2.7. Biochemical Test for Confirmation of Isolated Pathogens
2.8. Isolation and Identification of UTI Pathogens
2.9. Assay of Marketable Antibiotics Against UTI Pathogens
2.10. Assay of Antibacterial Activity of 15 Listed Spices
2.11. MIC and MBC Determination
2.12. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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S. No | Spice Name | Family | Common Name | Portions Used | Ethnomedical Practices |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Acorus calamus L. | Araceae | Sweet flag | Rhizome | To cure urinary infections |
2. | Aframomum melegueta K. Schum. | Zingiberaceae | Grains of Paradise | Seed | To treat gastric and stomach diseases |
3. | Alpinia galanga Wild | Zingiberaceae | Galanga | Rhizome | To treat asthma and respiratory infections |
4. | Anethum graveolens L. | Apiaceae | Dill seed | Fruits | To treat stomach pain and throat infections |
5 | Apium graveolens L. | Apiaceae | Celery | Seed | To treat indigestion, stomach pain, and diarrhea |
6. | Armoracia rusticana Gaerth | Brassicaceae | Horse Radish | Root | Used as an oral contraceptive and to treat bedsores, burns, and fever |
7. | Artemisia dracunculus L. | Asteraceae | Tarragon | Leaf | To treat diabetes mellitus |
8. | Capparis spinosa L. | Capparidaceae | Caper | Flower buds | Used to control pimples and boils during summer |
9. | Carum carvi L. | Apiaceae | Caraway | Fruits | Against dysentery, bronchitis, and cough |
10. | Citrus hystrix DC | Rutaceae | Kaffir Lime Leaves | Leaves | To treat stomach discomfort, diarrhea, and dyspepsia |
11. | Crocus sativus L. | Iridaceae | Saffron | Parts of pistil | To control acidity and stomach disorders |
12. | Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton | Zingiberaceae | Cardamom | Fruits | To treat bronchitis, cough, and dysentery |
13. | Ferula asafetida L. | Apiaceae | Asafoetida | Resin from rhizome | To treat indigestion and toothache |
14. | Garcinia indica Choisy | Clusiaceae | Kokam | Rind | To treat high acidity, sickness |
15. | Hyssopus officinalis L. | Lamiaceae | Hyssop | Leaf | For stomach problems |
Spices | Alkaloids | Anthraquinones | Carbohydrates | Fixed Oils and Fats | Flavonoids | Glycosides | Phenolic Compounds | Proteins & Amino Acids | Resins | Saponins | Steroids | Tannins | Terpenoids |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acorus calamus L. | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Aframomum melegueta K. Schum. | + | + | + | − | + | − | + | − | + | − | + | − | + |
Alpinia galanga Wild | + | + | + | − | + | + | + | + | − | − | + | + | + |
Anethum graveolens L. | + | + | + | − | + | + | + | + | + | − | + | + | − |
Apium graveolens L. | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | − |
Armoracia rusticana Gaerth | − | − | + | − | − | + | + | + | + | − | + | − | + |
Artemisia dracunculus L. | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | − | + | − | + | + | − |
Capparis spinosa L. | + | − | + | − | − | + | − | − | + | + | − | − | |
Carum carvi L. | − | − | + | − | − | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Citrus hystrix DC | + | − | − | + | + | + | + | + | − | + | − | + | + |
Crocus sativus L. | + | − | + | + | + | + | − | − | + | + | + | − | |
Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton | − | + | + | + | + | − | + | + | + | − | + | + | + |
Ferula asafetida L. | + | + | + | + | + | − | + | + | + | + | + | − | − |
Garcinia indica Choisy | + | + | + | + | + | − | + | + | + | + | + | − | − |
Hyssopus officinalis L. | + | + | + | + | + | − | + | + | + | − | + | − | − |
Tests | Grams Stain | Motility | Indole Production | Voges-Proskauer | Methyl Red | Bile Esculin | Coagulase | Citrate | Urease | Catalase | TSI | Oxidase |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Enterococcus faecalis | + | NM | NA | NA | NA | + | NA | NA | NA | − | NA | NA |
Staphylococcus aureus | + | NM | − | + | + | − | + | − | − | + | NA | NA |
Acinetobacter baumannii | − | NM | − | − | − | NA | NA | + | − | + | K/K G- H2S- | − |
Citrobacter freundii | − | M | − | − | + | NA | NA | + | − | + | K/A G- H2S+ | − |
Enterobacter aerogenes | − | M | − | + | − | NA | NA | + | − | + | K/A G- H2S- | − |
Escherichia coli | − | M | + | − | + | NA | NA | − | − | + | A/A G+ H2S- | − |
Klebsiella oxytoca | − | NM | − | + | − | NA | NA | + | W+ | + | A/A G+ H2S- | − |
Klebsiella pneumoniae | − | NM | − | + | − | NA | NA | + | + | + | A/A G+ H2S- | − |
Proteus mirabilis | − | M | − | − | + | NA | NA | + | + | + | K/A G+ H2S+ | − |
Proteus vulgaris | − | M | + | − | + | NA | NA | − | + | + | K/A G+ H2S+ | − |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | − | M | − | − | − | NA | NA | + | − | + | K/K G- H2S- | + |
Spices | Bacteria and Their Zone of Inhibition by the List of Spices (mm) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Enterococcus faecalis | Staphylococcus aureus | Acinetobacter baumannii | Citrobacter freundii | Enterobacter aerogenes | Escherichia coli | Klebsiella oxytoca | Klebsiella pneumoniae | Proteus mirabilis | Proteus vulgaris | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | |
Acorus calamus L. | 20 | 18 | 17 | 22 | 24 | 25 | 27 | 17 | 19 | 20 | 19 |
Aframomum melegueta K. Schum. | — | 18 | 22 | — | 17 | 17 | — | 21 | 17 | — | 18 |
Alpinia galanga Wild | 28 | 26 | 21 | 22 | 17 | 20 | 19 | 17 | 29 | 28 | 26 |
Anethum graveolens L. | — | 24 | 16 | 19 | 24 | — | 22 | 22 | 26 | — | 24 |
Apium graveolens L. | 19 | 22 | — | — | 22 | — | 23 | 15 | 21 | 19 | 22 |
Armoracia rusticana Gaerth | 23 | 27 | 16 | 17 | 19 | 17 | 19 | 17 | 26 | 23 | 27 |
Artemisia dracunculus L. | 26 | 23 | — | 21 | — | 26 | 25 | — | 27 | 26 | 23 |
Capparis spinosa L. | 22 | 22 | 21 | 17 | 26 | 21 | 19 | 16 | 27 | 17 | 19 |
Carum carvi L. | 19 | 17 | 20 | 19 | — | 17 | 21 | — | — | 19 | 17 |
Citrus hystrix DC | 25 | 25 | — | 21 | 26 | 22 | 26 | — | 26 | — | 25 |
Crocus sativus L. | 23 | 21 | — | 22 | 23 | 17 | 23 | 19 | 23 | 23 | 21 |
Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton | 24 | — | 21 | 26 | 22 | — | 23 | 19 | — | 24 | 19 |
Ferula asafetida L. | — | 21 | 12 | 14 | — | 12 | — | 16 | 21 | — | 21 |
Garcinia indica Choisy | 22 | 19 | — | 19 | — | 17 | 15 | 12 | 26 | 22 | — |
Hyssopus officinalis L. | 15 | — | 19 | — | 19 | 18 | — | 21 | 22 | — | — |
Gentamycin (10 µg) | 20 | 18 | 17 | 22 | 24 | 25 | 19 | 17 | 19 | 20 | 19 |
Norfloxacin (10 µg) | 19 | 18 | 22 | 19 | 17 | 17 | 25 | 21 | 17 | 18 | 18 |
Ciprofloxacin (5 µg) | 28 | 26 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 20 | 26 | 17 | 29 | 28 | 26 |
ID | ATCC Strains | Zone of Inhibition (mm) | CLSI Reference Range (mm) | Quality of Discs |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | E. coli 25922 | A: 34 | 28–35 | In range |
B: 26 | 19–26 | In range | ||
C: 38 | 30–40 | In range | ||
2 | P. aeruginosa 27853 | A: 29 | 22–29 | In range |
B: 23 | 17–23 | In range | ||
C: 28 | 25–33 | In range | ||
3 | S. aureus 25923 | A: 28 | 17–28 | In range |
B: 26 | 19–27 | In range | ||
C: 24 | 22–30 | In range |
Spices | MIC Value (mg/mL) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
E. aerogenes | S. aureus | A. baumannii | C. freundii | E. faecalis | E. coli | K. oxytoca | K. pneumoniae | P. mirabilis | P. vulgaris | P. aeruginosa | |
Acorus calamus L. | 1.51 | 1.51 | 3.41 | 3.41 | 4.27 | 9.63 | 4.27 | 21.67 | 9.63 | 21.67 | — |
Aframomum melegueta K. Schum. | 1.51 | 21.67 | 21.67 | 9.63 | 4.27 | — | 21.67 | 4.27 | — | 4.27 | 4.27 |
Alpinia galanga Wild | 3.41 | 3.41 | 4.27 | 3.41 | 4.27 | 4.27 | 4.27 | 21.67 | — | 3.41 | — |
Anethum graveolens L. | — | 3.41 | 3.41 | 3.41 | 9.63 | 4.27 | 4.27 | 4.27 | 4.27 | 4.27 | 21.67 |
Apium graveolens L. | 9.63 | 4.27 | 4.27 | 3.41 | — | — | — | 21.67 | 4.27 | — | 3.41 |
Armoracia rusticana Gaerth | 4.27 | 3.41 | — | — | 21.67 | — | 21.67 | 21.67 | 9.63 | 3.41 | 4.27 |
Artemisia dracunculus L. | 3.41 | 3.41 | 3.41 | 3.41 | 4.27 | 4.27 | 3.41 | 21.67 | 3.41 | 3.41 | 21.67 |
Capparis spinosa L. | 1.51 | 3.41 | 3.41 | — | 4.27 | — | 4.27 | 21.67 | 1.51 | — | 3.41 |
Carum carvi L. | 21.67 | — | — | — | 4.27 | — | 21.67 | 21.67 | — | 21.67 | 4.27 |
Citrus hystrix DC | 3.41 | 3.41 | 4.27 | 3.41 | 4.27 | 4.27 | 4.27 | 21.67 | — | 3.41 | — |
Crocus sativus L. | 21.67 | 21.67 | 9.63 | 4.27 | — | 21.67 | 4.27 | — | 4.27 | 4.27 | — |
Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton | 9.63 | — | — | 21.67 | — | — | 21.67 | 9.63 | 21.67 | 4.27 | — |
Ferula asafetida L. | 4.27 | 9.63 | — | — | 21.67 | — | — | 21.67 | 9.63 | 21.67 | 4.27 |
Garcinia indica Choisy | — | 21.67 | 21.67 | 9.63 | 4.27 | — | 21.67 | 4.27 | — | 4.27 | 4.27 |
Hyssopus officinalis L. | 3.41 | 3.41 | 4.27 | 3.41 | 4.27 | 4.27 | 4.27 | 21.67 | — | 3.41 | — |
Spices | MBC Value (mg/mL) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
E. aerogenes | S. aureus | A. baumannii | C. freundii | E. faecalis | E. coli | K. oxytoca | K. pneumoniae | P. mirabilis | P. vulgaris | P. aeruginosa | |
Acorus calamus L. | 3.41 | 9.63 | — | — | 21.67 | — | — | 21.67 | 9.63 | 21.67 | 4.27 |
Aframomum melegueta K. Schum. | — | 21.67 | 21.67 | 9.63 | 4.27 | 3.41 | 21.67 | 4.27 | — | 4.27 | 4.27 |
Alpinia galanga Wild | 3.41 | 3.41 | 4.27 | 3.41 | 4.27 | 4.27 | 4.27 | 21.67 | — | 3.41 | — |
Anethum graveolens L. | — | 3.41 | 3.41 | 3.41 | 9.63 | 4.27 | 4.27 | 4.27 | 4.27 | 4.27 | 21.67 |
Apium graveolens L. | 9.63 | 4.27 | 4.27 | 3.41 | — | — | — | 21.67 | 4.27 | — | 3.41 |
Armoracia rusticana Gaerth | 4.27 | 3.41 | — | — | 21.67 | — | 21.67 | 21.67 | 9.63 | 3.41 | 4.27 |
Artemisia dracunculus L. | 3.41 | 3.41 | 3.41 | 3.41 | 4.27 | 4.27 | 3.41 | 21.67 | 3.41 | 3.41 | 21.67 |
Capparis spinosa L. | — | 3.41 | 3.41 | — | 4.27 | — | 4.27 | 21.67 | — | — | 3.41 |
Carum carvi L. | 21.67 | — | 3.41 | — | 4.27 | — | 21.67 | 21.67 | — | 21.67 | 4.27 |
Citrus hystrix DC | 3.41 | 3.41 | 4.27 | 3.41 | 4.27 | 4.27 | 4.27 | 21.67 | — | 3.41 | — |
Crocus sativus L. | 21.67 | 21.67 | 9.63 | 4.27 | 3.41 | 21.67 | 4.27 | — | 4.27 | 4.27 | — |
Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton | 9.63 | 3.41 | — | 21.67 | — | — | 21.67 | 9.63 | 21.67 | 4.27 | — |
Ferula asafetida L. | 4.27 | 9.63 | — | — | 21.67 | — | 3.41 | 21.67 | 9.63 | 21.67 | 4.27 |
Garcinia indica Choisy | — | 21.67 | 21.67 | 9.63 | 4.27 | — | 21.67 | 4.27 | 3.41 | 4.27 | 4.27 |
Hyssopus officinalis L. | 3.41 | 3.41 | 4.27 | 3.41 | 4.27 | 4.27 | 4.27 | 21.67 | — | 3.41 | — |
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Mickymaray, S.; Al Aboody, M.S. In Vitro Antioxidant and Bactericidal Efficacy of 15 Common Spices: Novel Therapeutics for Urinary Tract Infections? Medicina 2019, 55, 289. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina55060289
Mickymaray S, Al Aboody MS. In Vitro Antioxidant and Bactericidal Efficacy of 15 Common Spices: Novel Therapeutics for Urinary Tract Infections? Medicina. 2019; 55(6):289. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina55060289
Chicago/Turabian StyleMickymaray, Suresh, and Mohammed Saleh Al Aboody. 2019. "In Vitro Antioxidant and Bactericidal Efficacy of 15 Common Spices: Novel Therapeutics for Urinary Tract Infections?" Medicina 55, no. 6: 289. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina55060289