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Article

The Novel Nature Microtubule Inhibitor Ivalin Induces G2/M Arrest and Apoptosis in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma SMMC-7721 Cells In Vitro

1
College of Marine Science, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
2
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
3
The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Product of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Science, Guiyang 550002, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
These authors contributed equally to this study.
Medicina 2019, 55(8), 470; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina55080470
Submission received: 30 June 2019 / Revised: 2 August 2019 / Accepted: 8 August 2019 / Published: 12 August 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Liver Cancer: Molecular Mechanisms and Targeted Therapies)

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Microtubules are an attractive target for cancer chemotherapy. Previously, we reported that Ivalin exhibited excellent anti-migration and anti-invasion activities in human breast cancer cells. Here, we examined the microtubule inhibition effect of Ivalin in human hepatocellular carcinoma SMMC-7721 cells. Materials and Methods: We used the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay to evaluate the cell proliferation effect of Ivalin and flow cytometry analysis to detect the apoptotic and cell cycle arrest effects of Ivalin. Immunofluorescence staining was used to measure the effect of Ivalin on the cytoskeleton network, and Western blotting was used to detect the expression levels of Bax, Bcl-2, Cdc2, phosphor-Cdc2, Cdc25A, Cyclin B1, and tubulin. Results: Ivalin induced cell cycle G2/M arrest and subsequent triggered apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma SMMC-7721 cells. Furthermore, microtubules were shown to be involved in Ivalin-meditated apoptosis. In this connection, Ivalin treatment suppressed cellular microtubule network formation by regulating microtubule depolymerization. Moreover, Western blotting revealed Cdc25A and Cyclin B1 were upregulated in Ivalin-meditated cell cycle arrest. Subsequently, the induction of Bax (a proapoptotic protein) and reduction of Bcl-2 (an anti-apoptotic protein) expression were observed in Ivalin-treated SMMC-7721 cells. Conclusion: Ivalin induced microtubule depolymerization, then blocked cells in mitotic phase, and eventually resulted in apoptosis in SMMC-7721 cells. Collectively, these data indicate that Ivalin, acting as a novel inhibitor of microtubules, could be considered as a promising lead in anticancer drug development.
Keywords: Ivalin; carpesium divaricatum; HCC; microtubule; cell cycle arrest; apoptosis Ivalin; carpesium divaricatum; HCC; microtubule; cell cycle arrest; apoptosis

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MDPI and ACS Style

Liu, F.; Lin, S.; Zhang, C.; Ma, J.; Han, Z.; Jia, F.; Xie, W.; Li, X. The Novel Nature Microtubule Inhibitor Ivalin Induces G2/M Arrest and Apoptosis in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma SMMC-7721 Cells In Vitro. Medicina 2019, 55, 470. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina55080470

AMA Style

Liu F, Lin S, Zhang C, Ma J, Han Z, Jia F, Xie W, Li X. The Novel Nature Microtubule Inhibitor Ivalin Induces G2/M Arrest and Apoptosis in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma SMMC-7721 Cells In Vitro. Medicina. 2019; 55(8):470. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina55080470

Chicago/Turabian Style

Liu, Fangyuan, Shiqi Lin, Caiyun Zhang, Jiahui Ma, Zhuo Han, Fujuan Jia, Weidong Xie, and Xia Li. 2019. "The Novel Nature Microtubule Inhibitor Ivalin Induces G2/M Arrest and Apoptosis in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma SMMC-7721 Cells In Vitro" Medicina 55, no. 8: 470. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina55080470

APA Style

Liu, F., Lin, S., Zhang, C., Ma, J., Han, Z., Jia, F., Xie, W., & Li, X. (2019). The Novel Nature Microtubule Inhibitor Ivalin Induces G2/M Arrest and Apoptosis in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma SMMC-7721 Cells In Vitro. Medicina, 55(8), 470. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina55080470

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