Exploring the Influencing Factors of Health Literacy among Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Survey
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Procedures
2.2. Measures
2.3. Statistics
3. Results
3.1. Demographic Variables
3.2. Health Literacy
3.3. Influencing Factors of HL
4. Discussion
4.1. HL of Older Adults
4.2. Influencing Factors of HL
4.2.1. Personal Factors
4.2.2. Situational Factors
4.2.3. Socioenvironmental Factors
4.3. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Demographic Characteristics | N | (%) | HLS-EU | p Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | (Lower–Upper Limits of 95% CI) | ||||||||
Personal factors | |||||||||
Gender | 0.218 | ||||||||
Male | 80 | 51.2 | 31.79 | (29.98–33.61) | |||||
Female | 81 | 48.8 | 29.88 | (27.40–32.35) | |||||
Age (years) | <0.001 | ||||||||
65–74 | 79 | 54.4 | 34.16 | (32.45–35.87) | |||||
75–84 | 65 | 38.4 | 29.33 | (26.98–31.67) | |||||
≥85 | 17 | 7.2 | 21.08 | (14.63–27.52) | |||||
Education | <0.001 | ||||||||
Illiterate | 26 | 11.2 | 21.37 | (16.88–25.86) | |||||
1–6 years | 67 | 41.3 | 30.59 | (26.90–32.72) | |||||
>6 years | 68 | 47.5 | 34.68 | (32.82–36.54) | |||||
Past occupation | 0.001 | ||||||||
Ordinary staff | 57 | 39.2 | 34.13 | (32.12–36.14) | |||||
Physical labor | 104 | 60.8 | 65.87 | (26.99–31.05) | |||||
Current job status | 0.108 | ||||||||
Retired | 105 | 63.3 | 29.92 | (28.06–31.78) | |||||
Still working | 56 | 36.7 | 32.53 | (29.82–35.24) | |||||
Household income (NTD/month) | 0.117 | ||||||||
<20,000 | 35 | 23.1 | 32.69 | (29.91–35.46) | |||||
20,000–50,000 | 81 | 51.2 | 31.38 | (29.42–33.34) | |||||
>50,000 | 45 | 25.7 | 28.39 | (24.73–32.05) | |||||
Insurance status | <0.001 | ||||||||
Private insurance | 116 | 74.0 | 31.66 | (30.15–33.16) | |||||
National Health Insurance only | 31 | 21.2 | 33.94 | (30.72–37.16) | |||||
Unknown | 14 | 4.8 | 17.08 | (9.28–24.88) | |||||
Situational factors | |||||||||
Marital status | 0.513 | ||||||||
Married | 134 | 83.8 | 31.06 | (29.39–32.72) | |||||
Divorced or other | 27 | 16.2 | 29.70 | (25.63–33.77) | |||||
Living situation | 0.34 | ||||||||
With others | 146 | 83.9 | 30.59 | (28.95–32.24) | |||||
Alone | 15 | 16.2 | 33.14 | (29.31–36.98) | |||||
Children | 0.15 | ||||||||
None, or children <15 years | 21 | 14.3 | 33.71 | (29.19–38.23) | |||||
Children ≥15 years | 140 | 85.7 | 30.40 | (28.76–32.03) | |||||
Health-related TV programs | 0.004 | ||||||||
Often | 23 | 17.8 | 36.59 | (33.60–39.57) | |||||
Rarely | 128 | 82.2 | 30.27 | (28.55–32.00) | |||||
Health-related courses | 0.275 | ||||||||
Often | 13 | 8.8 | 33.69 | (26.92–40.45) | |||||
Rarely | 148 | 91.2 | 30.58 | (29.00–32.15) | |||||
Medical assistance | 0.005 | ||||||||
No | 133 | 82.6 | 29.83 | (28.11–31.54) | |||||
Yes | 28 | 17.4 | 35.57 | (32.70–38.44) | |||||
Socioenvironmental factor | |||||||||
Dominant spoken dialect | <0.001 | ||||||||
Hakka | 72 | 44.7 | 26.12 | (23.68–28.56) | |||||
Taiwanese | 35 | 21.7 | 29.13 | (26.97–31.29) | |||||
Mandarin | 54 | 33.5 | 38.21 | (36.62–39.79) |
HL | Mean (SD) | Inadequate N (%) | Problematic N (%) | Sufficient N (%) | Excellent N (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
General health literacy | 30.83 (9.82) | 37 (23.0) | 56 (34.8) | 47 (29.2) | 21 (13.0) |
Health care | 31.16 (8.52) | 35 (21.7) | 53 (32.9) | 60 (37.3) | 13 (8.1) |
Disease prevention | 31.43 (11.21) | 30 (18.6) | 54 (33.5) | 46 (28.6) | 31 (19.3) |
Health promotion | 29.94 (11.42) | 45 (28.0) | 43 (26.7) | 52 (32.3) | 21 (13.1) |
Influencing Factors of HL | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | 95% CI | p Value | β | 95% CI | p Value | β | 95% CI | p Value | |
Personal factors | |||||||||
Gender | |||||||||
Male (ref.) | . | ||||||||
Female | 0.08 | (−2.79, 2.95) | 0.956 | 0.43 | (−2.58, 3.45) | 0.776 | 0.37 | (−2.16, 2.90) | 0.771 |
Age (years) | |||||||||
65–74 (ref.) | |||||||||
75–84 | −0.90 | (−4.25, 2.45) | 0.595 | −0.28 | (−4.05, 3.49) | 0.884 | −2.16 | (−5.35, 1.04) | 0.185 |
≥85 | −9.08 | (−13.73, −4.43) | 0.000 | −7.87 | (−12.98, 2.74) | 0.003 | −8.50 | (−12.80, 4.19) | <0.001 |
Education | |||||||||
Illiterate (ref.) | |||||||||
1–6 years | 5.25 | (0.69, 9.74) | 0.024 | 3.36 | (−1.51, 8.22) | 0.175 | 2.06 | (−2.04, 6.15) | 0.322 |
>6 years | 8.28 | (3.32, 13.24) | 0.001 | 6.33 | (0.77, 11.88) | 0.026 | 3.49 | (−1.22, 8.21) | 0.145 |
Past occupation | |||||||||
Physical labor (ref.) | |||||||||
Ordinary staff | −1.08 | (−6.88, 4.71) | 0.712 | 1.37 | (−5.38, 8.12) | 0.689 | 3.91 | (−1.79, 9.61) | 0.177 |
Current job status | |||||||||
Retired (ref.) | |||||||||
Still working | 4.60 | (−3.76, 12.95) | 0.279 | 3.90 | (−4.88, 12.68) | 0.382 | 3.35 | (−4.02, 10.73) | 0.370 |
Household income (NTD/month) | |||||||||
<20,000 (ref.) | |||||||||
20,000–50,000 | −0.50 | (−3.87, 2.87) | 0.770 | 0.22 | (−3.33, 3.77) | 0.902 | −0.11 | (−3.09, 2.86) | 0.941 |
50,000–100,000 | −2.02 | (−6.35, 2.31) | 0.358 | −0.66 | (−5.45, 4.13) | 0.787 | −0.46 | (−4.47, 3.56) | 0.822 |
>100,000 | 2.00 | (−3.07, 7.06) | 0.437 | 2.94 | (−2.37, 8.24) | 0.276 | 1.50 | (−2.97, 5.98) | 0.507 |
Insurance status | |||||||||
National health insurance only (ref.) | |||||||||
Private insurance | 1.44 | (−2.06, 4.94) | 0.419 | 1.68 | (−2.16, 5.52) | 0.388 | −0.17 | (−3.42, 3.08) | 0.918 |
Unknown | −8.06 | (−13.67, −2.45) | 0.005 | −9.89 | (−16.18, 3.61) | 0.002 | −9.04 | (−14.35, 3.73) | 0.001 |
Situational factors | |||||||||
Marital status | |||||||||
Married (ref.) | |||||||||
Divorced or other | −0.65 | (−5.12, 3.82) | 0.774 | 1.88 | (−1.96, 5.73) | 0.335 | |||
Living situation | |||||||||
With others (ref.) | |||||||||
Alone | 1.31 | (−3.73, 6.35) | 0.608 | 0.09 | (−4.23, 4.42) | 0.966 | |||
Children | |||||||||
Children ≥15 years (ref.) | |||||||||
None or children <15 years | 2.60 | (−1.55, 6.76) | 0.217 | 1.63 | (−1.87, 5.13) | 0.359 | |||
Health-related TV programs | |||||||||
Often (ref.) | |||||||||
Rarely | −1.31 | (−5.53, 2.91) | 0.54 | 0.74 | (−2.84, 4.31) | 0.684 | |||
Health-related courses | |||||||||
Often (ref.) | |||||||||
Rarely | −1.26 | (−6.77, 4.24) | 0.651 | −0.91 | (−5.53, 3.71) | 0.697 | |||
Medical assistance | |||||||||
Yes (ref.) | |||||||||
No | 2.42 | (−1.39, 6.24) | 0.211 | 2.98 | (−0.23, 6.19) | 0.069 | |||
Socioenvironmental factor | |||||||||
Dominant spoken dialect | |||||||||
Mandarin (ref.) | |||||||||
Hakka | −10.28 | (−13.04, 7.51) | <0.001 | ||||||
Taiwanese | −8.34 | (−11.52, 5.17) | <0.001 | ||||||
R2 | 0.36 | 0.37 | 0.561 | ||||||
Adjusted R2 | 0.31 | 0.28 | 0.153 |
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Chiu, H.-T.; Tsai, H.-W.; Kuo, K.N.; Leung, A.Y.M.; Chang, Y.-M.; Lee, P.-H.; Hou, W.-H. Exploring the Influencing Factors of Health Literacy among Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Survey. Medicina 2020, 56, 330. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina56070330
Chiu H-T, Tsai H-W, Kuo KN, Leung AYM, Chang Y-M, Lee P-H, Hou W-H. Exploring the Influencing Factors of Health Literacy among Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Survey. Medicina. 2020; 56(7):330. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina56070330
Chicago/Turabian StyleChiu, Hsiao-Ting, Han-Wei Tsai, Ken N. Kuo, Angela Y.M. Leung, Yao-Mao Chang, Pi-Hsia Lee, and Wen-Hsuan Hou. 2020. "Exploring the Influencing Factors of Health Literacy among Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Survey" Medicina 56, no. 7: 330. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina56070330