Development and Validation of the Mood Instability Questionnaire-Trait (MIQ-T)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Questionnaire Development
2.3. Clinical Instruments
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Clinical and Demographic Characteristics
3.2. Exploratory Factor Analysis
3.3. Reliability
4. Concurrent Validity
4.1. Correlation with TEMPS-A
4.2. Correlation with Other Scales
4.3. Comparison of MIQ-T Scores According to Diagnosis
4.4. Development of MIQ-T Short-Form
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total (n = 597) | Patient Group (n = 309) | Comparison Group (n = 288) | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age | ||||
Mean | 34.09 | 32.61 | 35.67 | |
SD | 10.87 | 11.49 | 9.94 | 0.001 |
Gender | ||||
Male | 202 (33.8%) | 93 (30.1%) | 109 (37.8%) | |
Female | 395 (66.1%) | 216 (69.9%) | 179 (62.2%) | 0.046 |
Diagnosis | ||||
Major Depressive Disorder | - | 62 (20.1%) | - | - |
Bipolar I Disorder | - | 58 (18.8%) | - | - |
Bipolar II Disorder | - | 189 (61.2%) | - | - |
Item (English) | Factor 1 | Factor 2 | Factor 3 | Factor 4 | Factor 5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Factor #1—Lability | |||||
When I have a lot of free time, my moods become unstable. | 0.759 | 0.123 | −0.047 | −0.030 | −0.024 |
When I have a lot of free time, I feel depressed. | 0.722 | −0.003 | 0.026 | −0.076 | 0.048 |
When I have a lot of free time, I feel irritable. | 0.695 | −0.103 | 0.039 | −0.113 | 0.125 |
I constantly switch from being lively and sluggish. | 0.669 | 0.164 | 0.156 | 0.047 | −0.180 |
When something good happens, I feel irritable. | 0.666 | −0.160 | −0.053 | 0.015 | 0.345 |
I get sudden shifts in mood and energy. | 0.641 | 0.204 | 0.165 | 0.048 | −0.249 |
When I have a lot of free time, I feel anxious. | 0.634 | −0.173 | 0.145 | −0.014 | 0.177 |
When something good happens, I feel despondent. | 0.630 | −0.289 | −0.031 | −0.066 | 0.320 |
The way I see things is sometimes vivid, but at other times lifeless. | 0.628 | 0.181 | 0.121 | 0.010 | −0.088 |
My ability to think varies greatly from sharp to dull for no apparent reason. | 0.611 | 0.039 | 0.138 | 0.042 | −0.092 |
My need for sleep varies a lot from just a few hours to more than 9 hours. | 0.593 | 0.108 | −0.016 | 0.081 | −0.086 |
When something good happens, my moods becomes unstable. | 0.590 | −0.013 | 0.020 | 0.137 | 0.184 |
My mood often changes for no reason. | 0.588 | 0.059 | 0.230 | 0.042 | −0.156 |
I can really like someone a lot and then completely lose my interest in them. | 0.582 | 0.141 | 0.035 | 0.045 | −0.047 |
My moods and energy are either high or low, rarely in between. | 0.570 | 0.054 | 0.149 | 0.159 | −0.236 |
I go back and forth between being outgoing and being withdrawn from others. | 0.540 | 0.147 | 0.063 | 0.128 | −0.065 |
When something good happens, I feel anxious. | 0.519 | −0.365 | 0.172 | 0.109 | 0.335 |
My attitudes about myself changes a lot. | 0.518 | 0.268 | 0.094 | 0.149 | −0.116 |
I sometimes go to bed feeling great and wake up in the morning feeling like life is not worth living. | 0.503 | −0.266 | 0.291 | 0.121 | −0.148 |
My mood shifts very suddenly. | 0.489 | 0.232 | 0.121 | 0.202 | −0.290 |
Sometimes, I feel terribly empty inside. | 0.484 | −0.022 | 0.270 | 0.201 | −0.081 |
I daydream a great deal about things that other people consider impossible to achieve. | 0.479 | 0.158 | −0.025 | 0.159 | 0.081 |
I go back and forth between feeling overconfident and feeling unsure of myself. | 0.448 | 0.121 | 0.167 | 0.203 | −0.123 |
I often feel tired for no reason. | 0.448 | −0.081 | 0.341 | 0.115 | −0.022 |
When I am busy, I feel more energetic. | 0.413 | 0.317 | −0.372 | −0.058 | −0.033 |
I am the kind of person who can be sad and happy at the same time. | 0.402 | 0.164 | −0.062 | 0.057 | 0.042 |
Factor #2—Upward Tendency | |||||
When I get something I want, I feel excited and energized. | −0.041 | 0.742 | 0.073 | 0.023 | 0.058 |
When good things happen to me, it affects me strongly. | 0.037 | 0.696 | 0.112 | −0.034 | 0.068 |
When I see an opportunity for something I like, I get excited right away. | −0.043 | 0.669 | 0.085 | 0.204 | 0.140 |
It would excite me to win a contest. | 0.019 | 0.575 | −0.031 | 0.052 | 0.098 |
I often act on the spur of the moment. | 0.135 | 0.556 | 0.001 | 0.257 | 0.026 |
When something good happens, I feel intensely euphoric. | 0.207 | 0.530 | 0.040 | 0.051 | −0.012 |
Factor #3—Downward Tendency | |||||
When I experience something difficult, I feel anxious. | 0.106 | 0.102 | 0.671 | −0.006 | 0.011 |
When I experience something difficult, I get depressed easily. | 0.157 | 0.044 | 0.670 | 0.039 | −0.043 |
Criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit. | −0.096 | 0.360 | 0.616 | −0.138 | 0.062 |
When I am busy, I feel anxious. | 0.044 | −0.085 | 0.608 | 0.064 | 0.352 |
I feel pretty worried or upset when I think or know somebody is angry at me. | −0.052 | 0.374 | 0.593 | −0.209 | 0.051 |
When I experience something difficult, I am more likely to get irritable. | 0.047 | 0.103 | 0.581 | 0.174 | 0.052 |
I am able to adapt to change. * | 0.060 | −0.138 | 0.557 | −0.044 | −0.179 |
I can handle unpleasant and painful feelings, such as sadness, fear, and anger. * | 0.155 | −0.041 | 0.550 | 0.049 | −0.147 |
I get stressed by minor changes in my daily life. | 0.336 | −0.020 | 0.534 | −0.007 | 0.031 |
When I experience something difficult, my moods become unstable. | 0.328 | 0.159 | 0.532 | 0.005 | −0.018 |
When I am busy, I feel depressed. | 0.035 | −0.129 | 0.526 | 0.024 | 0.389 |
Even when I am under pressure, I can focus and think clearly. * | 0.101 | −0.078 | 0.524 | 0.199 | −0.234 |
When I am busy, I easily get irritable. | 0.032 | 0.037 | 0.515 | 0.184 | 0.303 |
I am an insecure person. | 0.397 | −0.130 | 0.491 | 0.154 | −0.123 |
I am told that I often get pessimistic about things and forget previous happy times. | 0.220 | −0.173 | 0.485 | 0.247 | −0.025 |
My mood is very steady. * | 0.320 | −0.110 | 0.448 | 0.105 | −0.258 |
If I think something unpleasant is going to happen, I usually get pretty "worked up". | 0.112 | 0.378 | 0.435 | −0.052 | 0.130 |
When I am busy, my moods become unstable. | 0.231 | 0.096 | 0.419 | 0.105 | 0.312 |
Factor #4—Childhood Instability | |||||
As a child, I was hot- or short-tempered, with a low boiling point. | −0.134 | 0.057 | −0.036 | 0.862 | 0.071 |
As a child, I acted without thinking and I was impulsive. | −0.099 | 0.053 | −0.088 | 0.835 | 0.014 |
As a child, I was moody with ups and downs. | 0.035 | 0.021 | −0.060 | 0.822 | 0.121 |
As a child, I lost control of myself. | 0.006 | −0.028 | −0.081 | 0.765 | 0.109 |
As a child, I had temper outbursts and tantrums. | −0.025 | −0.005 | −0.011 | 0.705 | −0.010 |
My relationships have been stormy. | 0.099 | −0.091 | 0.353 | 0.418 | −0.160 |
Factor #5—Seasonality | |||||
How much do you experience seasonal variation in energy? | 0.023 | 0.236 | −0.025 | 0.151 | 0.555 |
How much do you experience seasonal variation in mood? | 0.061 | 0.285 | 0.019 | 0.122 | 0.523 |
How much do you experience seasonal variation in social activity? | −0.015 | 0.215 | 0.071 | 0.136 | 0.522 |
Patient Group | Control Group | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Partial Correlation | p-Value | Partial Correlation | p-Value | |
Temperament and Personality * | ||||
TEMPS-A | ||||
TEMPS-A (Short) Cyclothymic | 0.79 | <0.001 | 0.77 | <0.001 |
TEMPS-A (Short) Depressive | 0.56 | <0.001 | 0.66 | <0.001 |
TEMPS-A (Short) Irritable | 0.45 | <0.001 | 0.56 | <0.001 |
TEMPS-A (Short) Hyperthymic | −0.03 | 0.619 | −0.05 | 0.365 |
TEMPS-A (Short) Anxious | 0.42 | <0.001 | 0.43 | <0.001 |
PAI-BOR | 0.79 | <0.001 | 0.85 | <0.001 |
Childhood Trauma | ||||
CTQ Total | 0.37 | <0.001 | 0.54 | <0.001 |
CTQ Emotional Abuse | 0.40 | <0.001 | 0.51 | <0.001 |
CTQ Physical Abuse | 0.28 | <0.001 | 0.41 | <0.001 |
CTQ Sexual Abuse | 0.15 | 0.010 | 0.38 | <0.001 |
CTQ Emotional Neglect | 0.26 | <0.001 | 0.39 | <0.001 |
CTQ Physical Neglect | 0.24 | <0.001 | 0.40 | <0.001 |
Behavioral Patterns | ||||
IPSM | 0.67 | <0.001 | 0.61 | <0.001 |
CD-RISC | −0.40 | <0.001 | −0.43 | <0.001 |
BIS | 0.63 | <0.001 | 0.56 | <0.001 |
BAS | 0.32 | <0.001 | 0.22 | <0.001 |
Clinical Symptoms | ||||
BAI | 0.62 | <0.001 | 0.78 | <0.001 |
SDS | 0.63 | <0.001 | 0.74 | <0.001 |
Comparison Group | Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) | Bipolar I Disorder (BD I) | Bipolar II Disorder (BD II) | Significant Associations | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Factor 1 (Lability) | 25.89 (14.96) | 30.44 (16.14) | 26.62 (16.67) | 42.04 (15.83) | CG vs. MDD *; CG vs. BD II ***; MDD vs. BD I *; MDD vs. BD II **; BD I vs. BD II *** |
Factor 2 (Upward Tendency) | 10.50 (3.05) | 9.24 (4.07) | 10.34 (3.95) | 10.87 (3.79) | CG vs. MDD *; MDD vs. BD II * |
Factor 3 (Downward Tendency) | 23.86 (9.01) | 30.42 (9.34) | 26.19 (11.25) | 35.37 (8.06) | CG vs. MDD ***; CG vs. BD II ***; MDD vs. BD I **; MDD vs. BD II *; BD I vs. BD II *** |
Factor 4 (Childhood Instability) | 3.92 (4.69) | 4.18 (4.82) | 4.84 (5.80) | 6.68 (5.39) | CG vs. BD II *** |
Factor 5 (Seasonality) | 3.31 (2.48) | 3.05 (2.91) | 3.36 (3.16) | 3.72 (3.20) | None |
Factor Sum/ Total | 67.47 (27.84) | 77.32 (28.70) | 71.36 (34.72) | 98.69 (26.58) | CG vs. MDD **; CG vs. BP II ***; MDD vs. BD II **; BD I vs. BD II *** |
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Yoon, J.; Ha, T.H.; Oh, S.; Park, Y.S.; Ryoo, H.A.; Yu, H.-A.; Hong, S.J.; Cho, N.; Lee, C.W.; Jang, Y.; et al. Development and Validation of the Mood Instability Questionnaire-Trait (MIQ-T). Medicina 2021, 57, 838. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57080838
Yoon J, Ha TH, Oh S, Park YS, Ryoo HA, Yu H-A, Hong SJ, Cho N, Lee CW, Jang Y, et al. Development and Validation of the Mood Instability Questionnaire-Trait (MIQ-T). Medicina. 2021; 57(8):838. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57080838
Chicago/Turabian StyleYoon, Joohyun, Tae Hyon Ha, Sunghee Oh, Yun Seong Park, Hyun A. Ryoo, Hyeon-A Yu, Seok Joo Hong, Nayoung Cho, Chan Woo Lee, Yoonjeong Jang, and et al. 2021. "Development and Validation of the Mood Instability Questionnaire-Trait (MIQ-T)" Medicina 57, no. 8: 838. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57080838