Effects of Caffeinated and Decaffeinated Coffee Consumption on Metabolic Syndrome Parameters: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Data from Randomised Controlled Trials
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Eligibility Criteria
2.2. Search Strategy
2.3. Data Management and Analysis
2.4. Evaluation of Studies and Data Synthesis
3. Results
3.1. Study Selection
3.2. Study Characteristics
3.3. Risk of Biased Based on Jadad Scale
3.4. Summary of Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
3.4.1. Effect of Coffee on Waist Circumference
3.4.2. Effect of Coffee on FBG Levels
3.4.3. Effect of Coffee on TG Levels
3.4.4. Effect of Coffee on HDL-c Levels
3.4.5. Effect of Coffee on SBP
3.4.6. Effect of Coffee on DBP
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Author and Country | Study Overview | Change from Final vs. Baseline 1 | Percent Reduction or Increment (%) | p-Value | Calculated Effect Size (ES) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intervention | Control | Intervention | Control | ||||
Green coffee extract (GCE) (all in capsule form) | |||||||
Haidari et al., 2017 [20] Country: Iran | Subject: F: 64 (20–45 years), intervention: 30, control: 34 Study design: randomised, double-blinded, parallel Study duration: 8 weeks MeTS outcome: obesity (FMI: ≥8.7 kg/m2) Intervention: 400 mg/d GCE containing 180 mg CGA Control: 400 mg starch | FBG: −0.05 ± 0.08 mmol/L | FBG: −0.02 ± 0.07 mmol/L | FBG: −1.1 | FBG: −0.4 | FBG: 0.8 # | FBG: −0.07 |
TG: −0.04 ± 0.09 mmol/L HDL-c: 0.03 ± 0.01 mmol/l | TG: −0.06 ± 0.07 mmol/L HDL-c: −0.05 ± 0.004 mmol/L | TG: −2.2 HDL-c: 2.4 | TG: −3.4 HDL-c: −3.9 | TG: 0.07 # HDL-c: 0.15 # | TG: −0.25 HDL-c: 1.40 | ||
Alhamhany et al., 2018 [21] Country: Iraq | Subject: M/F: 35 (20–55 years) Study design: randomised, crossover, single-arm Study duration: 6 weeks MeTS outcome: overweight/obesity (BMI: ≥25 kg/m2) Intervention: 1000 mg GCE Control: not available | FBG: −0.77 ± 0.27 mmol/L | N/A * | FBG: −14.8 | N/A * | 0.001 # | −0.48 |
TG: −0.19 ± 0.17 mmol/L HDL-c 0.14 ± 0.06 mmol/L | N/A * | TG: −10.7 HDL-c: 15.6 | N/A * | TG: 0.061 # HDL-c: 0.03 # | TG: −0.27 HDL-c: 0.58 | ||
Roshan et al., 2018 [26] Country: Iran | Subject: M/F: 43 (18–70 years), intervention: 21, control: 22 Study design: randomised, double-blinded, parallel Study duration: 8 weeks MeTS outcome: metabolic syndrome (according to IDF 3 guidelines) Intervention: 800 mg/d of GCE containing 372 mg CGA Control: 800 mg starch | WC: −2.40 ± 2.54 cm | WC: −0.66 ± 1.17 cm | WC: −2.3 | WC: −0.6 | WC: 0.009 * | WC: −0.42 |
FBG: −0.28 ± 3.34 mmol/L | FBG: 1.63 ± 2.22 mmol/L | FBG: −3.3 | FBG: 22.4 | FBG: 0.036 * | FBG: −0.28 | ||
TG: −0.07 ± 0.60 mmol/L HDL-c: 0.05 ± 0.22 mmol/L | TG: –0.25 ± 0.87 mmol/L HDL-c: 0.05 ± 0.09 mmol/L | TG: −10.6 HDL-c: 5.1 | TG: −3.4 HDL-c: 5.3 | TG: 0.439 * HDL-c: 0.923 * | TG: −0.18 HDL-c: 0.19 | ||
SBP: −13.76 ± 8.48 mmHg DBP: −3.78 ± 7.30 mmHg | SBP: −6.56 ± 9.58 mmHg DBP: −6.13 ± 15.84 mmHg | SBP: −9.8 DBP: −4.7 | SBP: −4.7 DBP: −6.9 | SBP: 0.013 * DBP: 0.534 * | SBP: −0.46 DBP: −0.66 | ||
Beam et al., 2015 [28] Country: USA | Subject: M: 10 (19–34 years) Study design: randomised, double-blinded, crossover Study duration: 60–120 min MeTS outcome: healthy and overweight/class I obesity (BMI: 19.6–34.5 kg/m2) Intervention 1: 5 mg/kg BW of caffeine + 75 g dextrose Intervention 2: 10 mg/kg BW of GCE (5 mg/kg CGA) + 75 g dextrose Control: 5 mg/kg BW of dextrose + 75 g dextrose | Intervention 1: FBG: 0.60 ± 0.21 mmol/L Intervention 2: FBG: 0.40 ± 0.29 mmol/L | FBG: 0.90 ± 0.21 mmol/L | Intervention 1: FBG: 12.8, Intervention 2: FBG: 8.3 | FBG: 19.1 | N.S * | Intervention 1: FBG: 0.38 Intervention 2: FBG: 0.40 |
Al-Dujaili et al., 2016 [27] Country: Jordan | Subject: M/F: 16 (19–32 years) Study design: randomised, single-blinded, crossover Study duration: 2 weeks MeTS outcome: healthy and overweight/class I obesity (BMI: 18–35 kg/m2) Intervention: 1000 mg/d GCE containing 500 mg CGA and 25 mg caffeine Control: 25 mg tablet of caffeine | SBP: −4.60 ± 3.95 mmHg DBP: −4.30 ± 2.80 mmHg | SBP: −0.80 ± 4.09 mmHg DBP: −0.40 ± 3.20 mmHg | SBP: −3.9 DBP: −5.6 | SBP: −0.7 DBP: −0.5 | SBP: 0.001 * DBP: <0.001 * | SBP: −0.27 DBP: −0.38 |
Banitalebi et al., 2019 [29] Country: Iran | Subject: F: 60 (30–50 years), intervention 1: 15, intervention 2: 15, intervention 3: 15, control: 15 Study design: randomised, single-blinded, parallel Study duration: 8 weeks MeTS outcome: class I and II obesity (BMI: 30–40 kg/m2) Intervention: 1 = Placebo (500 mg starch) + ERBT, Intervention 2 = 500 mg GCE (~250 mg CGA) + ERBT, Intervention 3 = 500 mg GCE (~250 mg CGA) Control: 500 mg starch | Intervention 1: WC: −2.57 ± 2.82 cm Intervention 2: WC: −2.54 ± 2.85 cm Intervention 3: WC: −3.10 ± 2.43 cm | WC: −1.00 ± 2.65 cm | Intervention 1: WC: −2.6 Intervention 2: WC: −2.5 Intervention 3: WC: −3.0 | WC: −1.0 | Intervention 1: WC: 0.001 # Intervention 2: WC: 0.001 # Intervention 3: WC: 0.001 # | Intervention 1: WC: −0.60 Intervention 2: WC: −0.45 Intervention 3: WC: −0.07 |
Decaffeinated coffee | |||||||
Intervention 1: FBG: −0.31 ± 0.18 mmol/L Intervention 2: FBG: −0.55 ± 0.23 mmol/L Intervention 3: FBG: −0.13 ± 0.17 mmol/L | FBG: 0.47 ± 0.34 mmol/L | Intervention 1: −5.9 Intervention 2: −10.5 Intervention 3: −2.5 | 9.3 | Intervention 1: FBG: 0.001 # Intervention 2: FBG: 0.001 # Intervention 3: FBG: 0.071 # | Intervention 1: FBG: −0.69 Intervention 2: FBG: −0.95 Intervention 3: FBG: −0.54 | ||
Intervention 1: TG: −0.10 ± 0.18 mmol/L HDL-c: 0.07 ± 0.04 mmol/L Intervention 2: TG: −0.14 ± 0.15 mmol/L HDL-c: 0.08 ± 0.07 mmol/L Intervention 3: TG: −0.06 ± 0.16 mmol/L HDL-c: 0.03 ± 0.05 mmol/L | TG: −0.01 ± 0.17 mmol/L HDL-c: 0.01 ± 0.08 mmol/L | Intervention 1: TG: −5.6 HDL-c: 5.6 Intervention 2: TG: −7.7 HDL-c: 6.4 Intervention 3: TG: −3.6 HDL-c: 2.7 | TG: −0.60 HDL-c: 0.80 | Intervention 1: TG: 0.012 # HDL-c: 0.007 # Intervention 2: TG: 0.003 # HDL-c: 0.010 # Intervention 3: TG: 0.071 # HDL-c: 0.356 # | Intervention 1: TG: −0.00 HDL-c: 0.55 Intervention 2: TG: −0.05 HDL-c: 0.50 Intervention 3: TG: −0.00 HDL-c: 0.49 | ||
Fasihi et al., 2019 [30] Country: Iran | Subject: M/F: 43 (25–50 years), intervention: 22, control: 21 Study design: randomised, double-blinded, parallel Study duration: 8 weeks MeTS outcome: metabolic syndrome (according to NCEP-ATP III 2 guidelines) Intervention: 800 mg/d GCE containing 376 mg CGA (capsule form) Control: 800 mg cellulose | WC: −1.40 ± 2.63 cm | WC: −0.60 ± 2.97 cm | WC: −1.3 | WC: −0.5 | WC: 0.14 * | WC: −0.65 |
FBG: −0.73 ± 0.68 mmol/L | FBG: 0.20 ± 0.57 mmol/L | FBG: −8.4 | FBG: 2.0 | FBG: 0.25 * | FBG: −0.48 | ||
TG: −0.27 ± 0.08 mmol/L HDL-c: 0.09 ± 0.06 mmol/L | TG: −0.12 ± 0.06 mmol/L HDL-c: −0.02 ± 0.06 mmol/L | TG: −11.3 HDL-c: 8.2 | TG: −5.0 HDL-c: −1.9 | TG: 0.09 * HDL-c: 0.02 * | TG: −0.74 HDL-c: 0.66 | ||
SBP: −2.80 ± 2.02 mmHg DBP: −6.40 ± 1.96 mmHg | SBP: −1.20 ± 1.86 mmHg DBP: 2.00 ± 2.53 mmHg | SBP: −2.1 DBP: −6.7 | SBP: −0.9 DBP: 2.1 | SBP: 0.01 * DBP: 0 * | SBP: −0.55 DBP: −1.50 | ||
Watanabe et al., 2019 [31] Country: Japan | Subject: M/F: 142 (20–64 years), intervention: 72, control: 70 Study design: randomised, double-blinded, parallel Study duration: 12 weeks MeTS condition: overweight (BMI: 25–29 kg/m2) Intervention: instant regular coffee containing 369 mg CGA Control: instant regular coffee containing 35 mg CGA (liquid form) Volume: 180 mL | WC: −0.40 ± 0.85 cm | WC: −0.10 ±0.79 cm | WC: −0.4 | WC: −0.1 | WC: 0.012 * | WC: −0.08 |
FBG: −0.04 ± 0.09 mmol/L | FBG: 0.09 ± 0.07 mmol/L | FBG: −0.8 | FBG: 1.8 | 0.545* | −0.06 | ||
TG: −0.06 ± 0.12 mmol/L HDL-c: 0.01 ± 0.06 mmol/L | TG: 0.19 ± 0.17 mmol/L HDL-c: 0.01 ± 0.06 mmol/L | TG: −4.3 HDL-c: 0.7 | TG: −0.5 HDL-c: 0.7 | TG: 0.965* HDL-c: 0.666 * | TG: −0.48 HDL-c: 0.12 | ||
SBP: –6.7 ± 2.17 DBP: −5.2 ± 1.64 | SBP: –3.9 ± 2.30 DBP: −3.8 ± 1.70 | SBP: −5.1 DBP: −6.4 | SBP: −2.9 DBP: −4.6 | SBP: 0.812 * DBP: 0.395 * | SBP: −0.31 DBP: −0.33 | ||
Katada et al., 2018 [32] Country: Japan | Subject: M: 15 (20–60 years) Study design: randomised, double-blinded, crossover Study duration: 4 weeks MeTS outcome: healthy and overweight (BMI: 20.0–29.9 kg/m2) Intervention 1: CGA-enriched and HHQ-reduced coffee (CGA-HHQ (−): 428 mg CGA, 67 mg caffeine, 0.08 mg HHQ) (liquid form) Intervention 2: CGA-enriched and HHQ non-reduced coffee (CGA-HHQ (+): 382 mg CGA, 66 mg caffeine, 0.57 mg HHQ) (liquid form) Control: not available Volume: 185 mL | Intervention 1: TG: −0.03 ± 0.15 mmol/L HDL-c: 0.07 ± 0.13 mmol/L Intervention 2: TG: 0.08 ± 0.15 mmol/L HDL-c: −0.05 ± 0.12 mmol/L | N/A * | Intervention 1: TG: −2.8 HDL-c: 4.7 Intervention 2: TG: 7.5 HDL-c: −3.3 | N/A * | N.S * | TG: −0.18 HDL-c: 0.20 |
Agudelo-ochoa et al., 2016 [33] Country: Colombia | Subject: M/F: 74 (20–60 years), intervention 1: 25, intervention 2: 24, control: 25 Study design: randomised, single-blinded, parallel Study duration: 8 weeks MeTS outcome: healthy and overweight (BMI: 18.5–29.9 kg/m2) Intervention 1: 420 mg CGA (MCCGA) (liquid form) Intervention 2: 780 mg CGA (HCCGA) (liquid form) Control: no coffee, no placebo Volume: 400 mL/d | Intervention 1: TG: 0.18 ± 0.20 mmol/L HDL-c: 0.01 ± 0.10 mmol/L Intervention 2: TG: 0.01 ± 0.17 mmol/L HDL-c: 0.01 ± 0.08 mmol/L | TG: 0.12 ± 0.26 mmol/L HDL-c: 0.05 ± 0.09 mmol/L | Intervention 1: TG: 13.5 HDL-c: 0.7 Intervention 2: TG: 0.7 HDL-c: 0.8 | TG: 9.3 HDL-c: 3.8 | TG: 0.09# HDL-c: 0.16# | Intervention 1: TG: 0.10 HDL-c: 0.06 Intervention 2: TG: 0.03 HDL-c: 0.13 |
Intervention 1: SBP: 1.00 ± 2.90 mmHg DBP: 1.00 ± 2.02 mmHg Intervention 2: SBP: −1.00 ± 2.67 mmHg DBP: 1.00 ± 2.09 mmHg | SBP: −2.00 ± 2.02 mmHg DBP: 0.0 ± 1.92 mmHg | Intervention 1: SBP: 0.9 DBP: 1.4 Intervention 2: SBP: −0.9 DBP: 1.3 | SBP: −1.9 DBP: N.C | N.S # | Intervention 1: SBP: 0.33 DBP: 0.00 Intervention 2: SBP: −0.40 DBP: 0.18 | ||
Sarria et al., 2018 [22] Country: Spain | Subject: M/F: 52 (18–45 years) Study design: randomised, single-blinded, crossover Study duration: 8 weeks MeTS outcome: normocholesterolemic (n = 25) (TC <200 mg/dL), hypercholesterolemia (n = 27) (TC > 200–240 mg/dL) Intervention: green/roasted coffee beverage containing 510.6 mg CGA/d (liquid form) Control: control drink (water/isotonic caffeine- and polyphenol-free drinks) | Normocholesterolemic: WC: 0.50 ± 0.40 cm Hypercholesterolemic: WC: −1.20 ± 0.69 cm | Normocholesterolemic: WC: 0.20 ± 0.40 cm Hypercholesterolemic: WC: −0.20 ± 0.69 cm | Normocholesterolemic: WC: 0.7 Hypercholesterolemic: WC: −1.6 | Normocholesterolemic: WC: 0.3 Hypercholesterolemic: WC: −0.3 | N.S * | Normocholesterolemic: 0.15 Hypercholesterolemic: −0.28 |
Normocholesterolemic: FBG: −0.17 ± 0.03 mmol/L Hypercholesterolemic: FBG: −2.1 ± 0.03 mmol/L | Normocholesterolemic: FBG: 0.05 ± 0.03 mmol/L Hypercholesterolemic: FBG: −0.13 ± 0.03 mmol/L | Normocholesterolemic: FBG: −4.1 Hypercholesterolemic: FBG: −4.9 | Normocholesterolemic: FBG: 1.2 Hypercholesterolemic: FBG: −3.0 | FBG: 0.030 * | Normocholesterolemic: FBG: −1.83 Hypercholesterolemic: FBG: −0.66 | ||
Normocholesterolemic: TG: −0.01 ± 0.02 mmol/L Hypercholesterolemic: TG: −0.04 ± 0.02 mmol/L | Normocholesterolemic: TG: −0.02 ± 0.02 mmol/L Hypercholesterolemic: TG: −0.03 ± 0.02 mmol/L | Normocholesterolemic: TG: −1.2 Hypercholesterolemic: TG: −4.6 | Normocholesterolemic: TG: −2.5 Hypercholesterolemic: TG: −3.4 | TG: 0.017 * * | Normocholesterolemic: TG: −0.12 Hypercholesterolemic: TG: −0.35 | ||
Normocholesterolemic: SBP: −3.40 ± 0.61 mmHg DBP: −2.30 ± 0.34 mmHg Hypercholesterolemic: SBP: −5.20 ± 0.83 mmHg DBP: −5.60 ± 0.61 mmHg | Normocholesterolemic: SBP: −0.70 ± 0.59 mmHg DBP: −0.30 ± 0.31 mmHg Hypercholesterolemic: SBP: −3.60 ± 0.75 mmHg DBP: −3.50 ± 0.57 mmHg | Normocholesterolemic: SBP: −3.0, DBP: −3.3 Hypercholesterolemic: SBP: −4.4, DBP: −7.3 | Normocholesterolemic: SBP: −0.6, DBP: −0.4 Hypercholesterolemic: SBP: −3.0, DBP: −4.6 | SBP: 0.001 * DBP <0.001 * | Normocholesterolemic: SBP: −0.93, DBP: −1.28 Hypercholesterolemic: SBP: −0.40, DBP: −0.72 | ||
Kajikawa et al., 2018 [23] Country: Japan | Subject: M/F: 37 years Study 1: intervention 1: 10, intervention 2: 9 (53 ± 19 years) Study 2: intervention 1: 9, control: 9 (56 ± 15 years) Study design: randomised, single-blinded, crossover Study duration: 60–120 min MeTS outcome: borderline (SBP: 130–139 mmHg or DBP: 85–89 mmHg) or stage 1 hypertension (SBP: 140–159 mmHg or DBP: 90–99 mmHg) Study 1: Intervention 1: beverage A (CGA: 412 mg, HHQ: 0.11 mg, CAF: 69 mg), Intervention 2: beverage B (CGA: 373 mg, HHQ: 0.76 mg, CAF: 75 mg)Study 2: beverage AControl: beverage C (CGA: 0 mg, HHQ: 0.1 mg, CAF: 59 mg) (liquid form) Volume: 185 mL | Study 1: Intervention 1: TG: 60 min: 0.40 ± 0.26 mmol/L, 120 min: 0.65 ± 0.29 mmol/L Intervention 2: TG: 60 min: 0.30 ± 0.25 mmol/L, 120 min: 0.80 ± 0.33 mmol/L Study 2: Intervention 1: TG: 60 min: 0.21 ± 5.51 mmol/L, 120 min: 0.60 ± 5.53 mmol/L | TG: 60 min: 0.24 ± 1.01 mmol/L 120 min: 0.64 ± 1.19 mmol/L | Study 1: Intervention 1: TG: 60 min: 28.6, 120 min: 46.4 Intervention 2: TG: 60 min: 22.7, 120 min: 60.6 Study 2: Intervention 1: TG: 60 min: 15.3, 120 min: 43.8 | TG: 60 min: 19.2 120 min: 51.2 | Study 1: TG: N.S # Study 2: TG: N. S # | Study 1: 60 min: 0.15 120 min: 0.05 Study 2: 60 min: 0.10 120 min: 0.07 |
Study 1: Intervention 1: SBP: 60 min: 1.00 ± 4.02 mmHg, 120 min: 0.0 ± 3.84 Intervention 2: SBP: 60 min: −3.00 ± 3.66 mmHg, 120 min: −2.00 ± 4.02 mmHg Study 2: Intervention 1: SBP: 60 min: 1.00 ± 4.30 mmHg, 120 min: 0.0 ± 5.00 mmHg | SBP: 60 min: 2.00 ± 5.16 mmHg 120 min: −1.00 ± 5.16 mmHg | Study 1: Intervention 1: SBP: 60 min: 0.8, 120 min: N.C Intervention 2: SBP: 60 min: −2.3, 120 min: −1.5 Study 2: Intervention 1: SBP: 60 min: 0.8, 120 min: N.C | SBP: 60 min: 1.5 120 min: −0.8 | Study 1: SBP: N.S # Study 2: SBP: N.S # | Study 1: 60 min: 0.18 120 min: 0.06 Study 2: 60 min: 0.15 120 min: 0.04 | ||
Caffeinated coffee (all in liquid form) | |||||||
Teng et al., 2016 [24] Country: Malaysia | Subject: M/F: 104 (19–26 years), intervention: 53, control: 51 Study design: randomised, double-blinded, parallel Study duration: 60 min MeTS outcome: healthy and overweight/obesity (BMI ≥25 kg/m2) Intervention: instant coffee containing 82.2 mg caffeine Control: instant coffee containing undetectable decaffeinated coffee Volume: 250 mL | SBP: 0.65 ± 7.81 mmHg DBP: 0.62 ± 6.46 mmHg | SBP: −2.12 ± 6.28 mmHg DBP: −1.49 ± 4.91 mmHg | SBP: 0.6 DBP: 1.0 | SBP: −1.8 DBP: −2.2 | SBP: 0.05 * DBP: 0.64 * | SBP: 0.08 DBP: 0.07 |
Alperet et al., 2019 [25] Country: Switzerland | Subject: M/F: 126 (36–67 years), intervention: 62, control: 64 Study design: randomised, double-blinded, parallel Study duration: 24 weeks MeTS condition: overweight (BMI: 22.5–35.4 kg/m2) and non-insulin sensitive (HOMA-IR ≥ 1.30) Intervention: 100% instant Robusta coffee + 73.7% non-diary creamer (69.12 mg caffeine/d and 45.4 mg CGA/d) Control: 32.5% coloured non-dairy creamer + 67.5% non-dairy creamer (0 mg caffeine and CGA) | WC: −2.76 ± 0.14 cm | WC: 0.58 ± 0.13 cm | WC: −3.0 | WC: 0.6 | WC: 0.39 # | WC: −0.70 |
FBG: 0.30 ± 0.18 mmol/L | FBG: 0.11 ± 0.18 mmol/L | FBG: 6.3 | FBG: 2.3 | FBG: 0.09 # | FBG: 0.16 | ||
TG: −0.03 ± 0.19 mmol/L HDL-c: 0.04 ± 0.18 mmol/L | TG: 0.09 ± 0.18 mmol/L HDL-c: 0.00 ± 0.18 mmol/L | TG: −2.2 HDL-c: 3.4 | TG: 7.5 HDL-c: N.C | TG: 0.69 # HDL-c: 0.18 # | TG: −0.03 HDL-c: 0.01 | ||
SBP: 1.36 ± 0.18 mmHg DBP: −0.01 ± 0.18 mmHg | SBP: −1.66 ± 0.18 mmHg DBP: −1.01 ± 0.18 mmHg | SBP: 1.1 DBP: −0.01 | SBP: −1.3 DBP: −1.3 | SBP: 0.33 # DBP: 0.16# | SBP: 2.56 DBP: −1.13 |
Type of Coffee | No. of Study | Mode of Delivery | Dose |
---|---|---|---|
Caffeinated | n = 6 | Powder | 5 mg/kg BW–69.12 mg caffeine * |
Liquid | 80 mg caffeine *, volume: 250 mL | ||
Decaffeinated (including green coffee extract, GCE) | n = 11 | Liquid | 369–780 mg CGA *, volume: 180–400 mL |
n = 9 | Capsule/tablet | 10 mg/kg BW–1000 mg GC * containing 180–500 mg CGA |
Studies | Score Descriptions | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Randomisation (Yes/No) | Appropriateness of Randomisation (Detail) | Blinding (Yes/No) a | Appropriateness of Blinding | An Account of All Participants or Description of Withdrawal or Dropouts | Total Score | |
Haidari et al., 2017 [20] | 1 | 1 | 1 | N/A | N/A | 3.0 |
Alhamhany et al., 2018 [21] | 1 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1.0 |
Roshan et al., 2018 [26] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5.0 |
Al-Dujaili et al., 2016 [27] | 1 | 1 | 0.5 | N/A | 1 | 3.5 |
Beam et al., 2015 [28] | 1 | N/A | 1 | N/A | 1 | 3.0 |
Banitalebi et al., 2019 [29] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5.0 |
Fasihi et al., 2019 [30] | 1 | 1 | 1 | N/A | 1 | 4.0 |
Watanabe et al., 2019 [31] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5.0 |
Katada et al., 2018 [32] | 1 | N/A | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4.0 |
Agudelo-ochoa et al., 2016 [33] | 1 | N/A | 0.5 | N/A | 1 | 2.5 |
Sarria et al., 2016 [22] | 1 | N/A | 1 | N/A | 1 | 3.0 |
Kajikawa et al., 2018 [23] | 1 | N/A | 0.5 | 1 | 1 | 3.5 |
Teng et al., 2016 [24] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5.0 |
Alperet et al., 2019 [25] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5.0 |
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Ramli, N.N.S.; Alkhaldy, A.A.; Mhd Jalil, A.M. Effects of Caffeinated and Decaffeinated Coffee Consumption on Metabolic Syndrome Parameters: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Data from Randomised Controlled Trials. Medicina 2021, 57, 957. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57090957
Ramli NNS, Alkhaldy AA, Mhd Jalil AM. Effects of Caffeinated and Decaffeinated Coffee Consumption on Metabolic Syndrome Parameters: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Data from Randomised Controlled Trials. Medicina. 2021; 57(9):957. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57090957
Chicago/Turabian StyleRamli, Nur Nadiah Syuhada, Areej A. Alkhaldy, and Abbe Maleyki Mhd Jalil. 2021. "Effects of Caffeinated and Decaffeinated Coffee Consumption on Metabolic Syndrome Parameters: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Data from Randomised Controlled Trials" Medicina 57, no. 9: 957. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57090957