Systemic Endothelial Function, Plasma Xanthine Oxidoreductase Activity, and Blood Pressure Variability in Patients with Stable Coronary Artery Disease
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Systemic Endothelial Function Assessment
2.3. Xanthine Oxidoreductase Evaluation
2.4. Blood Pressure Variability Assessment
2.5. Endpoint and Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | All | RHI ≥ 1.67 | RHI < 1.67 | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 106) | (n = 60) | (n = 46) | ||
Age (years) | 70.5 ± 10.0 | 70.9 ± 9.7 | 69.8 ± 10.6 | 0.59 |
Men | 89 (84.0%) | 55 (91.7%) | 34 (73.9%) | 0.02 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.5 ± 3.5 | 23.7 ± 3.0 | 25.5 ± 4.0 | 0.01 |
Hypertension | 73 (68.9%) | 43 (71.7%) | 30 (65.2%) | 0.53 |
Diabetes | 48 (45.3%) | 18 (30.0%) | 30 (65.2%) | <0.001 |
Dyslipidemia | 82 (77.4%) | 47 (78.3%) | 35 (76.1%) | 0.82 |
Current smoker | 15 (14.2%) | 8 (13.3%) | 7 (15.2%) | 0.79 |
Prior myocardial infarction | 29 (27.4%) | 16 (26.7%) | 13 (28.3%) | 1.00 |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 70.2 ± 17.0 | 71.2 ± 15.1 | 68.8 ± 19.2 | 0.48 |
Serum uric acid (mg/dL) | 5.5 ± 1.4 | 5.4 ± 1.3 | 5.5 ± 1.4 | 0.67 |
Log-XOR activity | 1.66 ± 0.37 | 1.67 ± 0.40 | 1.65 ± 0.35 | 0.75 |
Hypoxanthine (μM) | 4.40 ± 1.67 | 4.34 ± 1.72 | 4.48 ± 1.61 | 0.67 |
Xanthine (μM) | 0.75 ± 0.97 | 0.83 ± 1.27 | 0.64 ± 0.23 | 0.31 |
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 88.9 ± 24.4 | 89.7 ± 25.8 | 87.9 ± 22.7 | 0.71 |
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 52.3 ± 15.0 | 54.5 ± 16.5 | 49.4 ± 12.6 | 0.08 |
Non-fasting triglyceride (mg/dL) | 145.2 ± 72.4 | 141.3 ± 74.0 | 150.2 ± 71.0 | 0.54 |
Medical treatment | ||||
ACE-I or ARB | 57 (53.8%) | 29 (48.3%) | 28 (60.9%) | 0.24 |
β-blocker | 39 (36.8%) | 22 (36.7%) | 17 (37.0%) | 1.00 |
Calcium channel blocker | 45 (42.5%) | 25 (41.7%) | 20 (43.5%) | 1.00 |
Diuretic | 15 (14.2%) | 8 (13.3%) | 7 (15.2%) | 0.79 |
Statin | 96 (90.6%) | 56 (93.3%) | 40 (87.0%) | 0.32 |
Oral hypoglycemic agent | 40 (37.7%) | 14 (23.3%) | 26 (56.5%) | <0.001 |
Reactive hyperemia index | 1.86 ± 0.56 | 2.19 ± 0.51 | 1.42 ± 0.19 | <0.001 |
Variable | Univariable | Multivariable | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | p Value | OR (95% CI) | p Value | |
Age (years) | 0.99 (0.95–1.03) | 0.59 | 0.98 (0.94–1.03) | 0.50 |
Men | 0.26 (0.08–0.80) | 0.02 | 0.19 (0.05–0.73) | 0.02 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 1.17 (1.03–1.32) | 0.02 | 1.19 (1.01–1.39) | 0.03 |
Hypertension | 0.74 (0.32–1.69) | 0.48 | ||
Diabetes | 4.38 (1.93–9.94) | <0.001 | 4.42 (1.75–11.13) | 0.002 |
Dyslipidemia | 0.88 (0.35–2.20) | 0.78 | ||
Current smoker | 1.17 (0.39–3.49) | 0.78 | ||
Prior myocardial infarction | 1.08 (0.46–2.56) | 0.85 | ||
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 0.99 (0.97–1.02) | 0.47 | ||
Serum uric acid (mg/dL) | 1.06 (0.80–1.41) | 0.67 | ||
Log-XOR activity | 0.84 (0.30–2.37) | 0.75 | 0.51 (0.14–1.86) | 0.31 |
Hypoxanthine (μM) | 1.05 (0.83–1.33) | 0.67 | ||
Xanthine (μM) | 0.75 (0.39–1.41) | 0.37 | ||
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 1.00 (0.98–1.01) | 0.71 | ||
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 0.98 (0.95–1.00) | 0.09 | 0.99 (0.95–1.02) | 0.43 |
Non-fasting triglyceride (mg/dL) | 1.00 (1.00–1.01) | 0.53 |
Variable | Univariable | Multivariable | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
r | p Value | β | p Value | |
Age (years) | −0.18 | 0.07 | 0.00 | 0.98 |
Men | 0.18 | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.36 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 0.28 | 0.004 | 0.24 | 0.02 |
Hypertension | 0.04 | 0.71 | ||
Diabetes | 0.08 | 0.40 | ||
Dyslipidemia | 0.12 | 0.21 | ||
Current smoker | 0.25 | 0.008 | 0.20 | 0.04 |
Prior myocardial infarction | 0.14 | 0.16 | ||
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 0.21 | 0.03 | 0.13 | 0.21 |
Serum uric acid (mg/dL) | 0.04 | 0.65 | ||
Hypoxanthine (μM) | 0.05 | 0.64 | ||
Xanthine (μM) | −0.15 | 0.12 | ||
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 0.02 | 0.88 | ||
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | −0.02 | 0.80 | ||
Non-fasting triglyceride (mg/dL) | 0.11 | 0.27 | ||
RHI | −0.09 | 0.36 | 0.00 | 0.98 |
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Hiraga, T.; Saito, Y.; Tateishi, K.; Mori, N.; Murase, T.; Nakamura, T.; Akari, S.; Saito, K.; Kitahara, H.; Kobayashi, Y. Systemic Endothelial Function, Plasma Xanthine Oxidoreductase Activity, and Blood Pressure Variability in Patients with Stable Coronary Artery Disease. Medicina 2022, 58, 1423. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58101423
Hiraga T, Saito Y, Tateishi K, Mori N, Murase T, Nakamura T, Akari S, Saito K, Kitahara H, Kobayashi Y. Systemic Endothelial Function, Plasma Xanthine Oxidoreductase Activity, and Blood Pressure Variability in Patients with Stable Coronary Artery Disease. Medicina. 2022; 58(10):1423. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58101423
Chicago/Turabian StyleHiraga, Takashi, Yuichi Saito, Kazuya Tateishi, Naoto Mori, Takayo Murase, Takashi Nakamura, Seigo Akari, Kan Saito, Hideki Kitahara, and Yoshio Kobayashi. 2022. "Systemic Endothelial Function, Plasma Xanthine Oxidoreductase Activity, and Blood Pressure Variability in Patients with Stable Coronary Artery Disease" Medicina 58, no. 10: 1423. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58101423