Factors Influencing the Sample Adequacy of Ultrasound-Guided Fine-Needle Aspiration from Solid Thyroid Nodules for Liquid-Based Cytology: A Demographic, Sonographic, and Technical Perspective
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethics Approval
2.2. Participants
2.3. Clinical Data Review
2.4. Ultrasonic Evaluation
2.5. Ultrasound-Guided FNA
2.6. Cytopathology
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Adequate Samples
3.2. Univariate Analysis
3.3. Multivariate Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Definition | Class Scores |
---|---|---|
X1 | Sex | Male (0), female (1) |
X2 | Age (in years) | ≤55 (0), >55 (1) |
X3 | Hashimoto’s thyroiditis | Absence (0), presence (1) |
X4 | Tumor size (in mm) | ≤10 (0), >10 (1) |
X5 | Nodule distribution | Right lobe (0), left lobe (1) |
X6 | Nodule position | Shallow (0), deep (1) |
X7 | Echogenicity | Hypoechogenicity (0), isoechogenicity, or hyperechogenicity (1) |
X8 | Orientation | Parallel (0), taller-than-wide shape (1) |
X9 | Margin | Smooth (0), ill-defined (1) |
X10 | Calcification | None (0), microcalcification, or macrocalcification (1) |
X11 | Vascularity | Avascular or with minimal blood flow (0), moderate or marked intranodular vascularity (1) |
X12 | Number of needle passes | 3 times (0), 4 times (1) |
X13 | Experience of the operator | Inexperienced (0), experienced (1) |
X14 | Needling direction | Lateral cervical needle insertion (0), transisthmic needle insertion (1) |
Cytology | Case Number |
---|---|
ND | 103 |
Benign | 33 |
AUS/FLUS | 159 |
FN/SFN | 33 |
SM | 70 |
Malignant | 403 |
ND (n = 103) | Diagnostic Result (n = 698) | p Values | |
---|---|---|---|
Sex | |||
Male | 28 (27.2%) | 207 (29.7%) | 0.6070 |
Female | 75 (72.8%) | 491 (70.3%) | |
Age (years) | |||
≤55 | 53 (51.5%) | 517 (74.1%) | <0.001 |
>55 | 50 (48.5%) | 181 (25.9%) | |
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis | |||
Without | 27 (26.2%) | 154 (22.1%) | 0.3470 |
Present | 76 (73.8%) | 544 (77.9%) | |
Echogenicity | |||
Hypoechogenicity | 93 (90.3%) | 660 (94.6%) | 0.0887 |
Isoechogenicity or hyperechogenicity | 10 (9.7%) | 38 (5.4%) | |
Nodule distribution | |||
Right | 53 (51.5%) | 397 (56.9%) | 0.3010 |
Left | 50 (48.5%) | 301 (43.1%) | |
Nodule position | |||
Shallow | 65 (63.1%) | 463 (66.3%) | 0.5190 |
Deep | 38 (36.9%) | 235 (33.7%) | |
Nodule size (mm) | |||
≤10 | 55 | 348 | 0.5020 |
>10 | 48 | 350 | |
Orientation | |||
Parallel | 65 (63.1%) | 357 (51.1%) | 0.0232 |
Taller-than-wide shape | 38 (36.9%) | 341 (48.9%) | |
Calcification | |||
None | 43 (41.7%) | 193 (27.7%) | 0.0034 |
Microcalcification or macrocalcification | 60 (58.3%) | 505 (72.3%) | |
Shape | |||
Regular | 20 (19.4%) | 127 (18.2%) | 0.7650 |
Irregular | 83 (80.6%) | 571 (81.8%) | |
Margin | |||
Smooth | 35 (34.0%) | 233 (33.4%) | 0.9040 |
Ill-defined | 68 (66.0%) | 465 (66.6%) | |
Vascularity | |||
Avascular or minimal blood flow | 44 (42.7%) | 237 (34.0%) | 0.0819 |
Moderate or marked intranodular vascularity | 59 (57.3%) | 461 (66.0%) | |
Needling direction | |||
Transisthmic needle insertion | 49 (47.6%) | 382 (54.7%) | 0.1740 |
Lateral cervical needle insertion | 54 (52.4%) | 316 (45.3%) | |
Experience of the operator | |||
Inexperienced | 85 (82.5%) | 505 (72.3%) | 0.0286 |
Experienced | 18 (17.5%) | 193 (27.7%) | |
Number of needle passes | |||
3 times | 69 (67.0%) | 398 (57.0%) | 0.0554 |
4 times | 34 (33.0%) | 300 (43.0%) |
Variables | Β | Odds Ratio [95% CI] | p Values |
---|---|---|---|
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis | 0.5934 | 1.810 [1.076, 3.045] | 0.0254 |
Orientation | 0.7121 | 2.038 [1.260, 3.296] | 0.0037 |
Calcification | 0.5692 | 1.767 [1.115, 2.799] | 0.0153 |
Number of needle passes | 0.5595 | 1.750 [1.094, 2.799] | 0.0196 |
Experience of the operator | 0.5711 | 1.770 [1.005, 3.118] | 0.0481 |
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Fu, Y.; Sun, Y.; Pei, Q.; Han, X.; Qin, W.; Mei, F.; Tan, S.; Cui, L. Factors Influencing the Sample Adequacy of Ultrasound-Guided Fine-Needle Aspiration from Solid Thyroid Nodules for Liquid-Based Cytology: A Demographic, Sonographic, and Technical Perspective. Medicina 2022, 58, 1639. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58111639
Fu Y, Sun Y, Pei Q, Han X, Qin W, Mei F, Tan S, Cui L. Factors Influencing the Sample Adequacy of Ultrasound-Guided Fine-Needle Aspiration from Solid Thyroid Nodules for Liquid-Based Cytology: A Demographic, Sonographic, and Technical Perspective. Medicina. 2022; 58(11):1639. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58111639
Chicago/Turabian StyleFu, Ying, Yan Sun, Qianqian Pei, Xiaobo Han, Wen Qin, Fang Mei, Shi Tan, and Ligang Cui. 2022. "Factors Influencing the Sample Adequacy of Ultrasound-Guided Fine-Needle Aspiration from Solid Thyroid Nodules for Liquid-Based Cytology: A Demographic, Sonographic, and Technical Perspective" Medicina 58, no. 11: 1639. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58111639