Biomechanics of Double Poling in Paralympic Cross-Country Skiing—A Cross-Sectional Study Comparing the Standing and Sitting Positions in Healthy Male Subjects
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Design
2.3. Measurement
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Variables of Double-Poling Performance
3.2. Kinematics of Double Poling
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Standing | Sitting | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Stroke rate (strokes/min) | 63.99 ± 8.70 | 58.47 ± 12.12 | 0.275 a |
Stroke length of poling phase (cm) | 109.37 ± 12.46 | 99.59 ± 9.89 | 0.036 a |
Stroke speed of poling phase (cm/s) | 213.93 ± 17.50 | 189.00 ± 15.78 | 0.004 a |
Stroke length of recovery phase (cm) | 108.67 ± 13.11 | 99.17 ± 10.01 | 0.045 a |
Stroke speed of recovery phase (cm/s) | 260.54 ± 60.54 | 231.69 ± 33.29 | 0.026 b |
Power output (W) | 226.93 ± 47.71 | 145.20 ± 26.57 | <0.001 a |
Standing | Sitting | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Scapulothoracic Protraction (degree) | Upward | 22.98 ± 10.18 | 27.48 ± 7.40 | 0.138 a |
Downward | 38.96 ± 7.46 | 40.23 ± 8.46 | 0.458 a | |
ROM | −15.98 ± 7.62 | −12.76 ± 9.50 | 0.268 a | |
Scapulothoracic Upward Rotation (degree) | Upward | 34.78 ± 12.11 | 40.99 ± 5.21 | 0.083 a |
Downward | 6.45 ± 6.75 | 8.78 ± 3.95 | 0.062 b | |
ROM | 28.32 ± 12.20 | 32.20 ± 5.25 | 0.212 a | |
Scapulothoracic Posterior Tilt (degree) | Upward | 11.68 ± 15.11 | 9.19 ± 17.53 | 0.366 a |
Downward | −7.96 ± 10.72 | −11.03 ± 6.05 | 0.150 a | |
ROM | 19.64 ± 12.77 | 20.23 ± 18.09 | 0.929 b | |
Humerothoracic Plane of Elevation (degree) | Upward | 53.29 ± 12.45 | 52.87 ± 13.30 | 0.908 a |
Downward | 47.00 ± 13.93 | 39.56 ± 16.67 | 0.110 b | |
ROM | 6.29 ± 21.21 | 13.30 ± 21.99 | 0.199 a | |
Humerothoracic Elevation (degree) | Upward | 97.72 ± 11.48 | 116.14 ± 11.18 | 0.006 a |
Downward | 30.98 ± 10.20 | 27.77 ± 5.26 | 0.353 a | |
ROM | 66.74 ± 18.33 | 88.37 ± 10.32 | 0.006 a | |
Humerothoracic Internal Rotation (degree) | Upward | −58.45 ± 13.47 | −51.80 ± 9.77 | 0.037 a |
Downward | −26.80 ± 22.21 | −16.16 ± 18.83 | 0.030 a | |
ROM | −31.65 ± 18.00 | −35.64 ± 17.18 | 0.282 a | |
Glenohumeral Plane of Elevation (degree) | Upward | 28.40 ± 10.39 | 19.85 ± 9.56 | 0.004 a |
Downward | 29.08 ± 10.36 | 27.41 ± 19.78 | 0.859 b | |
ROM | 0.68 ± 6.50 | −7.56 ± 20.56 | 0.184 a | |
Glenohumeral Elevation (degree) | Upward | 62.17 ± 11.46 | 75.27 ± 12.38 | 0.001 a |
Downward | 26.83 ± 11.06 | 21.99 ± 8.16 | 0.200 a | |
ROM | −35.34 ± 7.89 | 53.27 ± 12.55 | 0.006 b | |
Glenohumeral Internal Rotation (degree) | Upward | −66.81 ± 17.53 | −60.59 ± 18.44 | 0.098 a |
Downward | −46.64 ± 25.99 | −46.19 ± 22.21 | 0.961 a | |
ROM | −20.16 ± 20.49 | −14.40 ± 29.34 | 0.578 a |
Standing | Sitting | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Thoracopelvic flexion (degree) | Upward | 24.68 ± 12.57 | 22.50 ± 11.21 | 0.641 a |
Downward | 52.90 ± 11.65 | 64.84 ± 10.05 | <0.001 b | |
ROM | 28.22 ± 13.96 | 42.34 ± 9.69 | 0.018 a | |
Thoracopelvic left lateral flexion (degree) | Upward | −3.41 ± 5.48 | 1.48 ± 4.50 | 0.001 a |
Downward | −0.51 ± 4.52 | 1.40 ± 3.88 | 0.009 a | |
ROM | −2.91 ± 2.74 | 0.07 ± 4.78 | 0.017 a | |
Thoracopelvic left rotation (degree) | Upward | 4.88 ± 7.03 | 4.08 ± 5.38 | 0.363 a |
Downward | 1.80 ± 5.60 | 1.84 ± 7.21 | 0.657 b | |
ROM | 3.08 ± 4.04 | 2.23 ± 3.69 | 0.605 a |
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Sasadai, J.; Maeda, N.; Morikawa, M.; Komiya, M.; Shimizu, R.; Fukui, K.; Yoshimi, M.; Kono, Y.; Urabe, Y. Biomechanics of Double Poling in Paralympic Cross-Country Skiing—A Cross-Sectional Study Comparing the Standing and Sitting Positions in Healthy Male Subjects. Medicina 2022, 58, 201. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58020201
Sasadai J, Maeda N, Morikawa M, Komiya M, Shimizu R, Fukui K, Yoshimi M, Kono Y, Urabe Y. Biomechanics of Double Poling in Paralympic Cross-Country Skiing—A Cross-Sectional Study Comparing the Standing and Sitting Positions in Healthy Male Subjects. Medicina. 2022; 58(2):201. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58020201
Chicago/Turabian StyleSasadai, Junpei, Noriaki Maeda, Masanori Morikawa, Makoto Komiya, Reia Shimizu, Kazuki Fukui, Mitsuhiro Yoshimi, Yoshifumi Kono, and Yukio Urabe. 2022. "Biomechanics of Double Poling in Paralympic Cross-Country Skiing—A Cross-Sectional Study Comparing the Standing and Sitting Positions in Healthy Male Subjects" Medicina 58, no. 2: 201. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58020201