Co-Infection of Oral Candida albicans and Porphyromonas gingivalis Is Associated with Active Periodontitis in Middle-Aged and Older Japanese People
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Oral Sample Collection and DNA Extraction
2.3. Oral Investigation
2.4. Detecting C. albicans DNA and P. gingivalis DNA by Real-Time PCR
2.5. PCR Analysis for Genotype Identification of C. albicans
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Relationship between Oral C. albicans and Clinical Parameters
3.2. Relationship between Intron Insertion of C. albicans and Clinical Parameters
3.3. Relationship between Oral C. albicans/P. gingivalis and Clinical Parameters
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Clinical Factor (n) | C. albicans | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
(−) (n = 64) | (+) (n = 22) | ||
Age | 69.7 ± 10.3 | 72.3 ± 9.4 | 0.43 |
Age in years | |||
40–49 (4) | 4 (100%) | 0 (0%) | 0.64 |
50–59 (8) | 6 (75%) | 2 (25%) | |
60–69 (25) | 18 (72%) | 7 (28%) | |
70–79 (32) | 25 (78.1%) | 7 (21.9%) | |
80–89 (17) | 11 (64.7%) | 6 (35.3%) | |
Gender | |||
Male (25) | 15 (60%) | 10 (40%) | 0.06 |
Female (61) | 49 (80.3%) | 12 (19.7%) | |
Hypertension | |||
No (69) | 53 (76.8%) | 16 (23.2%) | 0.36 |
Yes (17) | 11 (64.7%) | 6 (35.3%) | |
Diabetes | |||
No (76) | 56 (73.7%) | 20 (26.3%) | 1.0 |
Yes (10) | 8 (80%) | 2 (20%) | |
Dyslipidemia | |||
No (72) | 54 (75%) | 18 (25%) | 0.75 |
Yes (14) | 10 (71.4%) | 4 (28.6%) | |
Remaining teeth | 23.3 ± 5.8 | 21.9 ± 5.2 | 0.10 |
Denture use | |||
Non-user (55) | 44 (80%) | 11 (20%) | 0.13 |
User (31) | 20 (64.5%) | 11 (35.5%) | |
Plaque Control Record scores (%) | 20.3 ± 15.9 | 16.4 ± 9.1 | 0.49 |
Probing depth | |||
<4 mm (18) | 13 (72.2%) | 5 (27.8%) | 0.13 |
≥4 mm and <6 mm (42) | 35 (83.3%) | 7 (16.7%) | |
≥6 mm (26) | 16 (61.5%) | 10 (38.5%) | |
Bleeding on probing (%) | 8.0 ± 8.9 | 8.4 ± 9.4 | 0.92 |
≥4 mm periodontal pocket with BOP | |||
No (48) | 34 (70.8%) | 14 (29.2%) | 0.46 |
Yes (38) | 30 (78.9%) | 8 (21.1%) | |
≥6 mm periodontal pocket with BOP | |||
No (73) | 56 (76.7%) | 17 (23.3%) | 0.30 |
Yes (13) | 8 (61.5%) | 5 (38.5%) | |
PISA (mm2) | 93.6 ± 107.6 | 105.1 ± 143.9 | 0.66 |
PESA (mm2) | 1023.0 ± 333.4 | 1007.5 ± 305.9 | 0.96 |
Clinical Factor (n) | C. albicans (+) (n = 22) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Intron Insertion (−) (n = 12) | Intron Insertion (+) (n = 10) | ||
Age | 69.4 ± 9.8 | 75.8 ± 7.8 | 0.16 |
Age in years | |||
50–59 (2) | 2 (100%) | 0 (0%) | 0.27 |
60–69 (7) | 5 (71.4%) | 2 (28.6%) | |
70–79 (7) | 3 (42.9%) | 4 (57.1%) | |
80–89 (6) | 2 (33.4%) | 4 (66.7%) | |
Gender | |||
Male (10) | 5 (50%) | 5 (50%) | 1.0 |
Female (12) | 7 (58.3%) | 5 (41.7%) | |
Hypertension | |||
No (16) | 9 (56.3%) | 7 (43.8%) | 1.0 |
Yes (6) | 3 (50%) | 3 (50%) | |
Diabetes | |||
No (20) | 11 (55%) | 9 (45%) | 1.0 |
Yes (2) | 1 (50%) | 1 (50%) | |
Dyslipidemia | |||
No (18) | 10 (55.6%) | 8 (44.4%) | 1.0 |
Yes (4) | 2 (50%) | 2 (50%) | |
Remaining teeth | 20.7 ± 6.5 | 23.4 ± 2.8 | 0.46 |
Denture use | |||
Non-user (11) | 5 (45.6%) | 6 (54.5%) | 0.67 |
User (11) | 7 (63.6%) | 4 (36.4%) | |
Plaque Control Record scores (%) | 20.7 ± 6.5 | 23.4 ± 2.8 | 0.67 |
Probing depth | |||
<4 mm (5) | 3 (60%) | 2 (40%) | 0.07 |
≥4 mm and <6 mm (7) | 6 (85.7%) | 1 (14.3%) | |
≥6 mm (10) | 3 (30%) | 7 (70%) | |
Bleeding on probing (%) | 7.7 ± 10.1 | 9.2 ± 8.9 | 0.97 |
≥4 mm periodontal pocket with BOP | |||
No (14) | 8 (57.2%) | 6 (42.9%) | 1.0 |
Yes (8) | 4 (50%) | 4 (50%) | |
≥6 mm periodontal pocket with BOP | |||
No (17) | 10 (58.8%) | 7 (41.2%) | 0.62 |
Yes (5) | 2 (40%) | 3 (60%) | |
PISA (mm2) | 80.1 ± 146.2 | 135.0 ± 142.7 | 0.58 |
PESA (mm2) | 940.1 ± 342.1 | 1088.3 ± 1019.0 | 0.50 |
Clinical Factor (n) | C. albicans/P. gingivalis | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
(−) (n = 74) | (+) (n = 12) | ||
Age | 69.9 ± 10.0 | 73.1 ± 10.0 | 0.35 |
Age in years | |||
40–49 (4) | 4 (100%) | 0 (0%) | 0.63 |
50–59 (8) | 7 (87.5%) | 1 (12.5%) | |
60–69 (25) | 21 (84%) | 4 (16%) | |
70–79 (32) | 29 (90.6%) | 3 (9.4%) | |
80–89 (17) | 13 (76.5%) | 4 (23.5%) | |
Gender | |||
Male (25) | 20 (80%) | 5 (20%) | 0.32 |
Female (61) | 54 (88.5%) | 7 (11.5%) | |
Hypertension | |||
No (69) | 59 (85.5%) | 10 (14.5%) | 1.0 |
Yes (17) | 15 (88.2%) | 2 (11.8%) | |
Diabetes | |||
No (76) | 65 (85.5%) | 11 (14.5%) | 1.0 |
Yes (10) | 9 (90%) | 1 (10%) | |
Dyslipidemia | |||
No (72) | 60 (83.3%) | 12 (16.7%) | 0.20 |
Yes (14) | 14 (100%) | 0 (0%) | |
Remaining teeth | 23.3 ± 5.6 | 21.15 ± 6.3 | 0.16 |
Denture use | |||
Non-user (55) | 51 (92.7%) | 4 (7.3%) | 0.02 |
User (31) | 23 (74.2%) | 8 (25.8%) | |
Plaque Control Record scores (%) | 19.6 ± 15.0 | 17.0 ± 10.7 | 0.65 |
Probing depth | |||
<4 mm (18) | 14 (77.8%) | 4 (22.2%) | 0.06 |
≥4 mm and <6 mm (42) | 40 (95.2%) | 2 (4.8%) | |
≥6 mm (26) | 20 (76.9%) | 6 (23.1%) | |
Bleeding on probing (%) | 7.7 ± 8.6 | 10.3 ± 11.2 | 0.52 |
≥4 mm periodontal pocket with BOP | |||
No (48) | 42 (87.5%) | 6 (12.5%) | 0.76 |
Yes (38) | 32 (84.2%) | 6 (15.8%) | |
≥6 mm periodontal pocket with BOP | |||
No (73) | 66 (90.4%) | 7 (9.6%) | 0.02 |
Yes (13) | 8 (61.5%) | 5 (38.5%) | |
PISA (mm2) | 89.3 ± 106.9 | 141.5 ± 166.5 | 0.50 |
PESA (mm2) | 1026.4 ± 318.2 | 973.2 ± 375.7 | 0.89 |
Clinical Variables | Adjusted Odds Ratio | 95% Confidence Interval | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
≥6 mm periodontal pocket with BOP | 17.13 | 1.60–183.84 | 0.02 |
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Oka, I.; Shigeishi, H.; Ohta, K. Co-Infection of Oral Candida albicans and Porphyromonas gingivalis Is Associated with Active Periodontitis in Middle-Aged and Older Japanese People. Medicina 2022, 58, 723. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58060723
Oka I, Shigeishi H, Ohta K. Co-Infection of Oral Candida albicans and Porphyromonas gingivalis Is Associated with Active Periodontitis in Middle-Aged and Older Japanese People. Medicina. 2022; 58(6):723. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58060723
Chicago/Turabian StyleOka, Iori, Hideo Shigeishi, and Kouji Ohta. 2022. "Co-Infection of Oral Candida albicans and Porphyromonas gingivalis Is Associated with Active Periodontitis in Middle-Aged and Older Japanese People" Medicina 58, no. 6: 723. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58060723