An Overview of Adenoid Microbiome Using 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing-Based Metagenomic Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethics Statement
2.2. Patient Selection, Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
2.2.1. Patient Inclusion Criteria
- Adenoid tissue collected from patients 2.5 to 6 years old.
- Indications for adenoid surgery—obstructive sleep apnea symptoms, recurrent upper airway infection, recurrent middle ear infections.
- Operation under general anesthesia.
- No evidence of middle ear fluid—A-type tympanogram.
- Endoscopically confirmed adenoid tissue in the nasopharynx blocking the choanas and/or eustachian tube openings.
2.2.2. Patient Exclusion Criteria
- Acute upper-airway infection during operation (including fever > 38.0 °C, purulent discharge from the nose, adenoid and tonsillar exudate, productive cough).
- Immunocompromised patients: HIV patients, diabetes mellitus patients, patients with tumors undergoing chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy.
- Patients with congenital cleft malformations.
- Patients receiving bacterial microflora-altering medications (for example -immune system stimulators).
2.3. Material Collection
2.4. Sample Processing and Sequencing
2.5. Data Analysis
2.6. Sample Collection Limitations
- Samples could only be collected from individuals (or their representatives) who agreed to paticipate in the study and signed a consent form. A significant amount of potential participants did not agree upon examining the consent form.
- To adequately perform a swab of the adenoid surface the adenoid tissue itself needs to be removed. Unlike swabs of other organic surfaces, which are easily accesible, a surgical operation is needed to collect adenoid surface swabs. This significantly limits our participant pool.
- Control groups consisting of “healthy’’ individuals, more precisely adenoid surface swabs of participants who have no previously mentioned symptoms is problematic. As stated, to acquire a uncontaminated adenoid surface swab the adenoid tissue needs to be removed, however, a healthy individual does not require an adenoid surgery. Another way to perform a swab of the adenoid surface is transnasaly, but this method has a high contamination risk. We should also keep in mind that the target population is children and any invasive procedures, such as swabs of areas of limited accessibility require complete anesthesia to prevent discomfort.
3. Results
3.1. Alpha and Beta Diversity
3.2. Taxonomic Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sokolovs-Karijs, O.; Brīvība, M.; Saksis, R.; Sumeraga, G.; Girotto, F.; Erts, R.; Osīte, J.; Krūmiņa, A. An Overview of Adenoid Microbiome Using 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing-Based Metagenomic Analysis. Medicina 2022, 58, 920. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58070920
Sokolovs-Karijs O, Brīvība M, Saksis R, Sumeraga G, Girotto F, Erts R, Osīte J, Krūmiņa A. An Overview of Adenoid Microbiome Using 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing-Based Metagenomic Analysis. Medicina. 2022; 58(7):920. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58070920
Chicago/Turabian StyleSokolovs-Karijs, Oļegs, Monta Brīvība, Rihards Saksis, Gunta Sumeraga, Francesca Girotto, Renārs Erts, Jana Osīte, and Angelika Krūmiņa. 2022. "An Overview of Adenoid Microbiome Using 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing-Based Metagenomic Analysis" Medicina 58, no. 7: 920. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58070920