The Psychological Antecedents to COVID-19 Vaccination among Community Pharmacists in Khartoum State, Sudan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design, Setting, and Target Population
2.2. Sampling
2.3. Data Collection
2.4. Operational Definitions of the Measured 5C Variables in the Study [22,32]
2.5. Data Analysis
2.6. Ethical Consideration
3. Results
3.1. Respondents’ Profile and Vaccine Acceptance
3.2. The 5C Psychological Antecedents to Vaccination
3.3. Factors Associated with Vaccine Acceptance
3.4. The 5Cs Psychological Antecedents and Vaccine Acceptance
3.5. Determinants of COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance among Participants
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Categories | n | (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 20–25 | 68 | (17.8) |
26–35 | 254 | (66.5) | |
36–45 | 54 | (14.1) | |
Above 45 | 6 | (1.6) | |
Gender | Female | 250 | (65.4) |
Male | 132 | (34.6) | |
Marital status | Single | 239 | (62.6) |
Married | 129 | (33.8) | |
Divorced or widowed | 14 | (3.7) | |
Monthly income (Sudanese pounds) | Below 61,000 | 89 | (23.3) |
61,000–80,000 | 97 | (25.4) | |
81,000–100,000 | 132 | (34.6) | |
Above 100,000 | 64 | (16.8) | |
Chronic diseases | Yes | 73 | (19.1) |
No | 309 | (80.9) | |
Infection with COVID-19 | Yes | 241 | (63.1) |
No | 141 | (36.9) | |
Origin of SARS-CoV-2 | Natural sources from animals | 192 | (50.3) |
Man-made virus and part of a conspiracy plan | 111 | (29.1) | |
No opinion | 79 | (20.7) | |
Received or intend to receive COVID-19 vaccination | Yes | 286 | (74.9) |
No | 96 | (25.1) | |
Vaccine preference | Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine. | 192 | (50.3) |
Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine | 125 | (32.7) | |
Johnson and Johnson COVID-19 vaccine. | 45 | (11.8) | |
Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine | 20 | (5.2) | |
The main source of information about COVID-19 vaccination | Scientists/scientific journals. | 166 | (43.5) |
Social media platforms | 94 | (24.6) | |
TV programs, newspapers, and news releases | 71 | (18.6) | |
Doctor/health care workers | 44 | (11.5) | |
Others | 7 | (1.8) |
Socio-Economic and Health Status Characteristics | Categories | Vaccine Acceptance | Chi-Squared | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes (n = 286) | No (n = 96) | ||||||
n% | n% | ||||||
Age (years) | 20–25 | 45 | 66.2% | 23 | 33.8% | 5.156 | 0.164 |
26–35 | 193 | 76.0% | 61 | 24.0% | |||
36–45 | 42 | 77.8% | 12 | 22.2% | |||
Above 45 | 6 | 100.0% | 0 | 0% | |||
Gender | Female | 183 | 73.2% | 67 | 26.8% | 1.071 | 0.301 |
Male | 103 | 78.0% | 29 | 22.0% | |||
Marital status | Single | 176 | 73.6% | 63 | 26.4% | 1.830 | 0.423 |
Married | 101 | 78.3% | 28 | 21.7% | |||
Divorced or widowed | 9 | 64.3% | 5 | 35.7% | |||
Monthly income (SDG) | Below 61,000 | 55 | 61.8% | 34 | 38.2% | 13.062 | 0.005 * |
61,000–80,000 | 71 | 73.2% | 26 | 26.8% | |||
81,000–100,000 | 107 | 81.1% | 25 | 18.9% | |||
Above 100,000 | 53 | 82.8% | 11 | 17.2% | |||
Chronic disease | Yes | 56 | 76.7% | 17 | 23.3% | 0.163 | 0.686 |
No | 230 | 74.4% | 79 | 25.6% | |||
Infection with COVID-19 | Yes | 189 | 78.4% | 52 | 21.6% | 4.383 | 0.036 * |
No | 97 | 68.8% | 44 | 31.2% | |||
Origin of SARS-CoV-2 | Natural sources from animals | 168 | 87.5% | 24 | 12.5% | 32.732 | <0.001 * |
Man-made virus and part of a conspiracy plot | 69 | 62.2% | 42 | 37.8% | |||
No opinion | 49 | 62.0% | 30 | 38.0% | |||
Vaccine preference | Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine. | 150 | 78.1% | 42 | 21.9% | 12.670 | <0.001 * |
Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine | 97 | 77.6% | 28 | 22.4% | |||
Johnson and Johnson COVID-19 vaccine. | 24 | 53.3% | 21 | 46.7% | |||
Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine | 15 | 75.0% | 5 | 25.0% | |||
The main source of information about COVID-19 vaccination | Scientists/scientific journals. | 149 | 89.8% | 17 | 10.2% | 38.518 | <0.001 * |
Social media platforms | 54 | 57.4% | 40 | 42.6% | |||
TV programs, newspapers, and news releases | 50 | 70.4% | 21 | 29.6% | |||
Doctor/health care workers | 29 | 65.9% | 15 | 34.1% | |||
Others | 4 | 57.1% | 3 | 42.9% |
The 5Cs Domains | Responses | Vaccine Acceptance | Chi-Squared | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes (n = 286) | No (n = 96) | ||||||
n% | n% | ||||||
Confidence | Yes | 161 | 91.5% | 15 | 8.5% | 47.846 | <0.001 * |
No | 125 | 60.7% | 81 | 39.3% | |||
Complacency | Yes | 26 | 53.1% | 23 | 46.9% | 14.208 | <0.001 * |
No | 260 | 78.1% | 73 | 21.9% | |||
Constraints | Yes | 14 | 45.2% | 17 | 54.8% | 15.825 | <0.001 * |
No | 272 | 77.5% | 79 | 22.5% | |||
Calculation | Yes | 153 | 85.0% | 27 | 15.0% | 18.568 | <0.001 * |
No | 133 | 65.8% | 69 | 34.2% | |||
Collective responsibility | Yes | 22 | 68.8% | 10 | 31.3% | 0.695 | 0.404 |
No | 264 | 75.4% | 86 | 24.6% |
Predictors | Odds Ratio | 95% CI of Odds Ratio | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | |||
Beliefs about the origin of COVID-19 | ||||
Natural source from animals® | 1.00 | |||
Man-made virus and part of a conspiracy plot | 0.44 | 0.23 | 0.85 | 0.014 |
No opinion | 0.495 | 0.24 | 1.01 | 0.054 |
Confidence | ||||
Yes | 6.82 | 3.14 | 14.80 | 0.001 |
No® | 1.00 | |||
Constraints | ||||
Yes | 0.18 | 0.06 | 0.56 | 0.003 |
No® | 1.00 | |||
Constant | 2.827 | 0.019 |
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Share and Cite
Satti, E.M.; Elhadi, Y.A.M.; Ahmed, K.O.; Ibrahim, A.; Alghamdi, A.; Alotaibi, E.; Yousif, B.A. The Psychological Antecedents to COVID-19 Vaccination among Community Pharmacists in Khartoum State, Sudan. Medicina 2023, 59, 817. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59050817
Satti EM, Elhadi YAM, Ahmed KO, Ibrahim A, Alghamdi A, Alotaibi E, Yousif BA. The Psychological Antecedents to COVID-19 Vaccination among Community Pharmacists in Khartoum State, Sudan. Medicina. 2023; 59(5):817. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59050817
Chicago/Turabian StyleSatti, Einass M., Yasir Ahmed Mohammed Elhadi, Kannan O. Ahmed, Alnada Ibrahim, Ahlam Alghamdi, Eman Alotaibi, and Bashir A. Yousif. 2023. "The Psychological Antecedents to COVID-19 Vaccination among Community Pharmacists in Khartoum State, Sudan" Medicina 59, no. 5: 817. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59050817