The Molecular Role of Immune Cells in Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Etiology of DCM
2.1. Genetic DCM
2.2. Acquired DCM
3. Inflammatory Processes in DCM
4. The Composition of Immune Cells in the Heart
4.1. Innate Immune Cells
4.2. Adaptive Immune Cells
4.3. Resident Immune Cells in the Heart
4.4. Recruited Immune Cells Mediate Inflammation Responses in the Heart
5. Cellular Communication between Immune Cells and Other Cardiac Cells in DCM
5.1. The Endothelium Participates in the Recruitment of Immune Cells
5.2. The Interplay between Immune Cells and Cardiomyocytes in DCM
5.3. Immune Cells Contribute to Fibrosis in DCM by Activating Myofibroblasts
6. Regulatory Mechanisms of Immune Cells in DCM
6.1. Monocytes and Macrophages in DCM
6.2. T Cells in DCM
6.3. B Cells in DCM
6.4. Natural Killer Cells in DCM
6.5. Neutrophils in DCM
6.6. Dendritic Cells in DCM
7. The Role of Immune Cells in Other Cardiomyopathies
8. Immunotherapy for DCM
8.1. Immunosuppression Therapy
8.2. Intravenous Immunoglobulin
8.3. Immunoadsorption
8.4. Cell Therapy
8.5. Pharmacological Therapy for DCM
9. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Reference | ||
---|---|---|
Endothelial cells | Secretes adhesion molecules (P-selectin, E-selectin, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1), which promote the migration of immune cells. | [43,44,45] |
Cardiomyocytes | Releasing DAMPs, triggering the production of various chemokines, such as CCL-2, CCL-5, CCL-7, CXCL-1, CXCL-2, and CXCL-8. | [47,48] |
Myofibroblasts | Promotes tissue development, wound repair, and fibrosis. | [51,52] |
Immune cells | ||
Monocytes/Macrophages | Secreted cytokines (MCP-1, IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and TGF-β) regulate inflammatory responses and maintain cardiac homeostasis. | [70,71,72,74,82,83] |
T cells |
| [99,101,102,103,104,125] |
B cells |
| [142,143,144,150,151,152] |
Natural killer cells | Against acute viral pathogens related to myocarditis and cardiac fibrosis. | [28,174,175] |
Neutrophil | Secreting neutrophil gelatinase-related lipocalin and facilitating endothelial cell activation and cytokine release through the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps. | [40,163] |
Dendritic cells | As antigen-presenting cells, they transport cellular debris and antigens to T cells. | [30,167] |
Genetic mutations | LMNA, TTN, MYH7, PLN, DSP, and SCN5a. | [12,13,14] |
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Wang, E.; Zhou, R.; Li, T.; Hua, Y.; Zhou, K.; Li, Y.; Luo, S.; An, Q. The Molecular Role of Immune Cells in Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Medicina 2023, 59, 1246. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59071246
Wang E, Zhou R, Li T, Hua Y, Zhou K, Li Y, Luo S, An Q. The Molecular Role of Immune Cells in Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Medicina. 2023; 59(7):1246. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59071246
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Enping, Ruofan Zhou, Tiange Li, Yimin Hua, Kaiyu Zhou, Yifei Li, Shuhua Luo, and Qi An. 2023. "The Molecular Role of Immune Cells in Dilated Cardiomyopathy" Medicina 59, no. 7: 1246. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59071246