Assessment of the Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidant Capacity, and Hepatoprotective Effect of Andrographis paniculata against CCl4-Induced Liver Dysfunction in Wistar Albino Rats
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods and Material
2.1. Plant Material
2.2. Animal Handling
2.3. Plant Extraction Method
2.4. Phytochemical Analysis
2.4.1. Qualitative Analysis of Phytoconstituents
2.4.2. Estimation of Flavonoids
2.4.3. Estimation of Tannin
2.4.4. Estimation of Terpenoids
2.4.5. Estimation of Steroids
2.4.6. Estimation of Alkaloids
2.4.7. Estimation of Quinone
2.4.8. Quantitative Estimation of Phenolic and Flavonoid Content
2.4.9. Antioxidant Activity of Different Extracts
- Xc = Absorbance of control;
- Xs = Absorbance of the sample.
2.5. Hepatoprotective Role of Ethanol Extracts of Leaves
2.6. GC-MS Analysis
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Qualitative Assessment of Phytochemicals
3.2. Quantitative Assessment of Phenolic Content
3.3. Quantitative Assessment of Flavonoid Content
3.4. Antioxidant Potential
3.5. Hepatoprotective Role of Ethanolic Extracts
3.6. GC-MS Analysis of Ethanolic Extract
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Phytoconstituents | Organic Solvent Extracts | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ethanol | Ethyl Acetate | Petroleum Ether | Hexane | DCM | |
Flavonoids | + | + | + | + | + |
Tannin | + | − | − | − | + |
Terpenoids | + | + | − | + | + |
Steroids | + | − | − | − | − |
Alkaloids | + | + | + | + | + |
Quinone | + | − | − | − | − |
Phenolic compounds | + | + | + | + | + |
Solvent Fractions | Concentrations of Extracts (µg mL−1) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
100 | 200 | 300 | 400 | 500 | |
Ethanolic | 23.2 ± 3.2 | 43.1 ± 3.2 | 50.2 ± 1.3 | 55.5 ± 4.2 | 62.3 ± 2.3 |
Ethyl acetate | 12.3 ± 2.1 | 23.3 ± 3.2 | 33.34 ± 2.4 | 42.2 ± 3.2 | 51.2 ± 4.2 |
Petroleum ether | 9.2 ± 3.1 | 16.23 ± 4.2 | 22.34 ± 4.2 | 32.3 ± 4.1 | 45.32 ± 2.3 |
Hexane | 16.3 ± 2.3 | 33.23 ± 1.5 | 42.12 ± 3.2 | 52.12 ± 4.1 | 61.4 ± 1.5 |
DCM | 10.23 ± 2.1 | 18.34 ± 3.9 | 28.12 ± 3.1 | 39.2 ± 3.2 | 51.23 ± 1.3 |
Biochemical Parameters | Animal Groups | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Group I | Group II | Group III | Group IV | |
Vehicle Control (0.0 mg/kg b.w) | Leaf Ethanol Extract (300 mg/kg b.w) | CCl4 (0.1 mL/kg b.w) | Leaf Extract + CCl4 | |
SGPT (IU/L) | 30.12 ± 3.1 | 35.23 ± 4.2 ns | 121.3 ± 4.5 a | 55.23 ± 1.5 b |
SGOT (IU/L) | 41.2 ± 6.2 | 48.23 ± 4.9 ns | 119.12 ± 5.8 a | 52.23 ± 7.2 b |
ALP (IU/L) | 9.8 ± 2.3 | 12.22 ± 4.3 ns | 38.23 ± 5.1 a | 18.23 ± 5.7 b |
Total bilirubin (mg/dL) | 0.32 ± 0.02 | 0.41 ± 0.02 ns | 6.23 ± 0.02 a | 0.67 ± 0.02 b |
Total protein (mg/dL) | 6.23 ± 1.2 | 6.78 ± 2.2 ns | 4.23 ± 1.4 a | 7.12 ± 2.1 b |
GGTP (µ/L) | 71.23 ± 4.6 | 81.23 ± 5.3 ns | 160.34 ± 7.2 a | 90.23 ± 1.3 b |
LPO (nM/mg protein) | 2.33 ± 0.03 | 2.44 ± 0.02 ns | 6.12 ± 0.05 a | 2.98 ± 0.03 b |
Catalase (U/mg protein) | 32.12 ± 2.1 | 30.32 ± 1.9 ns | 14.23 ± 1.4 a | 27.23 ± 1.7 b |
Peak No | R. Time | Area % | Molecular Weight | Molecular Formula | Name of the Compounds |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 18.122 | 1.21 | 284 | C18H36O2 | octadecanoic acid |
2 | 32.211 | 3.23 | 412 | C29H48O | stigmasterol |
3 | 29.162 | 19.12 | 318 | C20H30O3 | phenanthrenecarboxylic acid, 7-ethenyl |
4 | 16.212 | 6.32 | 282 | C18H34O2 | 1-9-octadecenoic acid |
5 | 27.312 | 2.12 | 272 | C20H32 | geranyl-α-terpinene |
6 | 24.132 | 5.23 | 386 | C28H50 | 13,15-octacosadiyne |
7 | 27.132 | 1.23 | 290 | C19H30O2 | methyl 8,10-octadecadiynoate |
8 | 32.253 | 7.54 | 414 | C29H50O | stigmast-5-en-3-ol (3β) |
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Ali, S.K.; Makeen, H.A.; Khuwaja, G.; Alhazmi, H.A.; Sharma, M.; Koty, A.; Mazahirul, I.; Parveen, H.; Mohammed, A.; Mukhtar, S.; et al. Assessment of the Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidant Capacity, and Hepatoprotective Effect of Andrographis paniculata against CCl4-Induced Liver Dysfunction in Wistar Albino Rats. Medicina 2023, 59, 1260. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59071260
Ali SK, Makeen HA, Khuwaja G, Alhazmi HA, Sharma M, Koty A, Mazahirul I, Parveen H, Mohammed A, Mukhtar S, et al. Assessment of the Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidant Capacity, and Hepatoprotective Effect of Andrographis paniculata against CCl4-Induced Liver Dysfunction in Wistar Albino Rats. Medicina. 2023; 59(7):1260. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59071260
Chicago/Turabian StyleAli, Syed Kashif, Hafiz A. Makeen, Gulrana Khuwaja, Hassan A. Alhazmi, Mukul Sharma, Afraim Koty, Islam Mazahirul, Humaira Parveen, Asaduddin Mohammed, Sayeed Mukhtar, and et al. 2023. "Assessment of the Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidant Capacity, and Hepatoprotective Effect of Andrographis paniculata against CCl4-Induced Liver Dysfunction in Wistar Albino Rats" Medicina 59, no. 7: 1260. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59071260