The Relationship between Post-COVID Syndrome and the Burden of Comorbidities Assessed Using the Charlson Comorbidity Index
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethical Approval
2.2. Patients
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Study Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Item | Points |
---|---|
Age
|
|
Myocardial infarction |
|
Chronic heart failure |
|
Peripheral vascular disease |
|
Cardiovascular event or TIA |
|
Dementia |
|
COPD |
|
Connective tissue disease |
|
Peptic ulcer disease |
|
Liver disease
|
|
Diabetes
|
|
Hemiplegia |
|
Moderate-to-severe CKD |
|
Solid tumor
|
|
Leukemia |
|
Lymphoma |
|
AIDS |
|
Variable | Mean | |
---|---|---|
Age (mean, ±SD), years | 53.7 ± 14.6 years | |
BMI (mean, ±SD), kg/m2 | 26.2 ± 4.90 kg/m2 | |
Male sex (n, %) | 1749 (48.1%) | |
Charlson Comorbidity Index (median, IQR) | 1 [2]; range: 0–10 | |
COVID-19 signs and symptoms (median, IQR) | 7 [7]; range: 0–22 | |
Charlson Comorbidity Index (n, %)
|
| |
Post-COVID-19 syndrome (n, %)
|
| |
Post-COVID-19 signs and symptoms (median, IQR) | 3 [4]; range: 0–22 | |
COVID-19 and post-COVID-19 signs and symptoms (*) | ||
COVID-19 | post-COVID-19 | |
Fever (n, %) | 2718 (74.8%) | 116 (3.2%) |
Fatigue (n, %) | 2792 (76.8%) | 2354 (64.7%) |
Cough (n, %) | 2025 (55.7%) | 476 (13.1%) |
Diarrhea (n, %) | 867 (23.8%) | 281 (7.7%) |
Headache (n, %) | 1726 (47.5%) | 747 (20.5%) |
Anosmia (n, %) | 1439 (39.6%) | 547 (15.0%) |
Dysgeusia (n, %) | 1444 (39.7%) | 468 (12.9%) |
Red eyes (n, %) | 613 (16.9%) | 230 (6.3%) |
Low or blurred vision (n, %) | 566 (15.6%) | 598 (16.4%) |
Syncope (n, %) | 220 (6.1%) | 39 (1.1%) |
Vertigo (n, %) | 758 (20.8%) | 428 (11.8%) |
Joint pain (n, %) | 1859 (51.1%) | 1071 (29.4%) |
Skin lesions (n, %) | 320 (8.8%) | 244 (6.7%) |
Sicca syndrome (n, %) | 639 (17.6%) | 347 (9.5%) |
Raynaud’s phenomenon (n, %) | 65 (1.8%) | 54 (1.5%) |
Myalgia (n, %) | 1963 (54.0%) | 1043 (28.7%) |
Dyspnea (n, %) | 2118 (58.3%) | 1904 (52.3%) |
Chest Pain (n, %) | 1168 (32.1%) | 594 (16.3%) |
Sore throat (n, %) | 1075 (29.6%) | 200 (5.5%) |
Sputum (n, %) | 592 (16.3%) | 218 (6.0%) |
Rhinitis (n, %) | 952 (26.2%) | 263 (7.2%) |
Lack of appetite (n, %) | 1238 (34.0%) | 240 (6.6%) |
Tinnitus (n, %) | 198 (5.4%) | 175 (4.8%) |
Heartburn (n, %) | 271 (7.4%) | 281 (7.7%) |
Palpitations (n, %) | 473 (13.0%) | 369 (10.1%) |
Sleep disturbances (n, %) | 506 (13.9%) | 502 (13.8%) |
Brain fog and cognitive disturbances (n, %) | 447 (12.3%) | 726 (20.0%) |
Tingling (n, %) | 277 (7.6%) | 330 (9.1%) |
Charlson Comorbidity Index | Post-COVID-19 Syndrome | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No Post-COVID-19 Syndrome | Post-COVID-19 Syndrome | |||||
n | c | r | n | c | R | |
0 points | 143 | 59.1% | 11.4% | 1107 | 32.6% | 88.6% |
1 point | 51 | 21.1% | 5.3% | 907 | 26.7% | 94.7% |
2 points | 22 | 9.1% | 3.4% | 620 | 18.3% | 96.6% |
3 points | 14 | 5.8% | 3.4% | 396 | 11.7% | 96.5% |
4 points | 7 | 2.9% | 3.0% | 223 | 6.6% | 96.9% |
5 points | 1 | 0.4% | 1.2% | 84 | 2.5% | 98.8% |
≥6 points | 4 | 1.7% | 6.5% | 57 | 1.7% | 93.4% |
Charlson Comorbidity Index | Post-COVID-19 Syndrome | |
---|---|---|
No Post-COVID-19 Syndrome | Post-COVID-19 Syndrome | |
0 points | 143 (59.1%) | 1107 (32.6%) |
≥1 point | 99 (40.9%) | 2287 (67.4%) |
Model 1 | Risk of Post-COVID-19 Syndrome | ||
---|---|---|---|
Variable | Odds Ratio | 95%CI | p |
Binary CCI (≥1) | 2.197 | 1.621–2.977 | 0.0001 |
Female Sex | 1.831 | 1.410–2.379 | 0.0001 |
Categorial BMI | 2.071 | 1.590–2.698 | 0.0001 |
Model 2 | Risk of post-COVID-19 syndrome | ||
Variable | Odds Ratio | 95%CI | p |
Binary CCI (≥4) | 6.062 | 3.163–11.618 | 0.006 |
Female Sex | 1.349 | 0.969–1.877 | 0.076 |
Categorial BMI | 1.829 | 1.396–2.397 | 0.0001 |
Model 3 | Risk of post-COVID-19 syndrome | ||
Variable | Odds Ratio | 95%CI | p |
Continuous CCI | 1.201 | 1.053–1.368 | 0.006 |
Female Sex | 2.630 | 2.097–3.299 | 0.0001 |
Categorial BMI | 2.838 | 2.239–3.597 | 0.0001 |
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Falsetti, L.; Zaccone, V.; Santoro, L.; Santini, S.; Guerrieri, E.; Giuliani, L.; Viticchi, G.; Cataldi, S.; Gasbarrini, A.; Landi, F.; et al. The Relationship between Post-COVID Syndrome and the Burden of Comorbidities Assessed Using the Charlson Comorbidity Index. Medicina 2023, 59, 1583. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59091583
Falsetti L, Zaccone V, Santoro L, Santini S, Guerrieri E, Giuliani L, Viticchi G, Cataldi S, Gasbarrini A, Landi F, et al. The Relationship between Post-COVID Syndrome and the Burden of Comorbidities Assessed Using the Charlson Comorbidity Index. Medicina. 2023; 59(9):1583. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59091583
Chicago/Turabian StyleFalsetti, Lorenzo, Vincenzo Zaccone, Luca Santoro, Silvia Santini, Emanuele Guerrieri, Luca Giuliani, Giovanna Viticchi, Serena Cataldi, Antonio Gasbarrini, Francesco Landi, and et al. 2023. "The Relationship between Post-COVID Syndrome and the Burden of Comorbidities Assessed Using the Charlson Comorbidity Index" Medicina 59, no. 9: 1583. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59091583