Omega-3 Fatty Acids Reduce Remnant-like Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Improve the Ankle–Brachial Index of Hemodialysis Patients with Dyslipidemia: A Pilot Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Sample Size Calculation
2.4. Demographic and Clinical Assessments
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Limitation
6. Future Research Directions
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Control Group n = 19 | High-Dose EPA/DHA Group n = 19 | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 73.6 ± 12.7 | 66.3 ± 11.2 | 0.068 |
Female sex, n (%) | 7 (36.8) | 4 (21.1) | 0.476 |
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 147.6 ± 16.4 | 157.4 ± 22.9 | 0.139 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 78.7 ± 10.5 | 80.2 ± 11.6 | 0.685 |
LDL cholesterol level, mg/dL | 60.0 (51.0) | 73.5 (37.5) | 0.760 |
HDL cholesterol level, mg/dL | 48.5 (18.8) | 47.0 (27.5) | 0.963 |
Triglyceride level, mg/dL | 101.5 (43.8) | 113.5 (119.8) | 0.785 |
RLP cholesterol level, mg/dL | 4.65 (3.27) | 5.65 (8.73) | 0.208 |
Non-HDL cholesterol level, mg/dL | 78.5 (42.5) | 91.5 (44.0) | 0.640 |
Apolipoprotein B level, mg/dL | 59.5 (18.5) | 67.0 (18.5) | 0.330 |
CRP level, mg/dL | 0.10 (0.23) | 0.07 (0.14) | 0.453 |
Ankle–brachial index | 1.09 ± 0.21 | 1.11 ± 0.14 | 0.727 |
Duration of hemodialysis, months | 49.0 (43.8) | 57.0 (116.0) | 0.865 |
History of diabetes, n (%) | 10 (52.6) | 11 (57.9) | 1.000 |
History of CVD, n (%) | 6 (31.6) | 2 (10.5) | 0.741 |
History of PAD, n (%) | 4 (21.1) | 2 (10.5) | 0.660 |
Use of statins, n (%) | 9 (47.4) | 8 (42.1) | 1.000 |
Use of statins before initiation of hemodialysis, n (%) | 12 (63.2) | 11 (57.9) | 1.000 |
Use of ezetimibe, n (%) | 4 (21.1) | 3 (15.8) | 1.000 |
Control Group n = 19 | High-Dose EPA/DHA Group n = 19 | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
LDL cholesterol level, mg/dL | −3.7 ± 12.2 | −4.3 ± 13.5 | 0.880 |
HDL cholesterol level, mg/dL | 3.8 ± 14.6 | 2.5 ± 6.9 | 0.725 |
Triglyceride level, mg/dL | 5.8 ± 34.6 | −41.0 ± 45.2 | <0.001 |
RLP-cholesterol level, mg/dL | 0.44 ± 2.53 | −3.25 ± 3.15 | <0.001 |
Non-HDL cholesterol level, mg/dL | −4.5 ± 20.1 | −14.8 ± 33.6 | 0.260 |
Apolipoprotein B level, mg/dL | −1.95 ± 9.26 | −1.68 ± 9.39 | 0.931 |
CRP level, mg/dL | 0.22 ± 0.67 | −0.02 ± 0.09 | 0.143 |
Β | p-Value | |
---|---|---|
Model 1 | −0.555 | 0.001 |
Model 2 | −0.617 | <0.001 |
Model 3 | −0.653 | <0.001 |
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Kobayashi, Y.; Fujikawa, T.; Haruna, A.; Kawano, R.; Ozawa, M.; Haze, T.; Komiya, S.; Suzuki, S.; Ohki, Y.; Fujiwara, A.; et al. Omega-3 Fatty Acids Reduce Remnant-like Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Improve the Ankle–Brachial Index of Hemodialysis Patients with Dyslipidemia: A Pilot Study. Medicina 2024, 60, 75. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60010075
Kobayashi Y, Fujikawa T, Haruna A, Kawano R, Ozawa M, Haze T, Komiya S, Suzuki S, Ohki Y, Fujiwara A, et al. Omega-3 Fatty Acids Reduce Remnant-like Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Improve the Ankle–Brachial Index of Hemodialysis Patients with Dyslipidemia: A Pilot Study. Medicina. 2024; 60(1):75. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60010075
Chicago/Turabian StyleKobayashi, Yusuke, Tetsuya Fujikawa, Aiko Haruna, Rina Kawano, Moe Ozawa, Tatsuya Haze, Shiro Komiya, Shota Suzuki, Yuki Ohki, Akira Fujiwara, and et al. 2024. "Omega-3 Fatty Acids Reduce Remnant-like Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Improve the Ankle–Brachial Index of Hemodialysis Patients with Dyslipidemia: A Pilot Study" Medicina 60, no. 1: 75. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60010075