Associations of Electronic Device Use and Physical Activity with Headaches in Saudi Medical Students
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area, Design, and Population
2.2. Sampling Method
2.3. Data Collection Tools
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | All Participants | Prevalence during the Past 12 Months | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | 95% CI | p Value | |||
Lower | Upper | |||||||
Gender | Male | 273 | (54.2) | 214 | 78.4% | 73.2% | 83.0% | 0.017 |
Female | 231 | (45.8) | 200 | 86.6% | 81.7% | 90.5% | ||
Age Groups (years) | 18–21 | 223 | (44.2) | 189 | 84.8% | 79.6% | 89.0% | 0.372 |
22–24 | 211 | (41.9) | 168 | 79.6% | 73.8% | 84.6% | ||
25–30 | 70 | (13.9) | 57 | 81.4% | 71.2% | 89.2% | ||
Marital Status | Single | 486 | (96.4) | 399 | 82.1% | 78.5% | 85.3% | 0.893 |
Married | 18 | (3.6) | 15 | 83.3% | 61.9% | 95.1% | ||
Academic Year | 2nd year | 97 | (19.2) | 80 | 82.5% | 74.0% | 89.0% | 0.385 |
3rd year | 111 | (22.0) | 98 | 88.3% | 81.3% | 93.3% | ||
4th year | 122 | (24.2) | 100 | 82.0% | 74.4% | 88.0% | ||
5th year | 66 | (13.1) | 52 | 78.8% | 67.8% | 87.3% | ||
6th year | 69 | (13.7) | 55 | 79.7% | 69.1% | 87.9% | ||
Medical Intern | 39 | (7.7) | 29 | 74.4% | 59.3% | 86.0% | ||
CGPA | 2:00–3:00 | 16 | (3.2) | 16 | 100.0% | - | - | 0.112 |
3.01–3.50 | 53 | (10.5) | 44 | 83.0% | 71.3% | 91.3% | ||
3.51–4.00 | 85 | (16.9) | 70 | 82.4% | 73.2% | 89.3% | ||
4.01–4.50 | 114 | (22.6) | 86 | 75.4% | 67.0% | 82.6% | ||
4.51–5.00 | 236 | (46.8) | 198 | 83.9% | 78.8% | 88.2% | ||
Father’s Education | Basic Education * | 61 | (12.1) | 45 | 73.8% | 61.8% | 83.5% | 0.104 |
High School Education | 81 | (16.1) | 70 | 86.4% | 77.7% | 92.6% | ||
Undergraduate Education | 314 | (62.3) | 263 | 83.8% | 79.4% | 87.5% | ||
Graduate Education | 48 | (9.5) | 36 | 75.0% | 61.5% | 85.5% | ||
Mother’s Education | Basic Education | 135 | (26.8) | 115 | 85.2% | 78.5% | 90.4% | 0.025 |
High School Education | 84 | (16.7) | 62 | 73.8% | 63.7% | 82.3% | ||
Undergraduate Education | 272 | (54.0) | 229 | 84.2% | 79.5% | 88.2% | ||
Graduate Education | 13 | (2.6) | 8 | 61.5% | 35.0% | 83.5% | ||
BMI Categories | Underweight | 82 | (16.3) | 64 | 78.0% | 68.2% | 85.9% | 0.571 |
Normal Weight | 237 | (47.0) | 193 | 81.4% | 76.1% | 86.0% | ||
Overweight | 115 | (22.8) | 97 | 84.3% | 76.9% | 90.1% | ||
Obese | 70 | (13.9) | 60 | 85.7% | 76.1% | 92.4% |
Characteristics | All Participants | Gender | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | p Value | ||||||
N | % | N | % | N | % | |||
During the last 30 days, how many days did you have a headache? | Just one day | 106 | (24.6) | 65 | (28.9) | 41 | (19.9) | 0.001 |
2–5 days | 190 | (44.1) | 102 | (45.3) | 88 | (42.7) | ||
6–10 days | 90 | (20.9) | 47 | (20.9) | 43 | (20.9) | ||
11–20 day | 33 | (7.7) | 9 | (4.0) | 24 | (11.7) | ||
21–30 day | 12 | (2.8) | 2 | (0.9) | 10 | (4.9) | ||
How long does this headache usually last? | Less than 30 min | 95 | (22.1) | 52 | (23.1) | 43 | (21.1) | 0.103 |
31 min to one hour | 102 | (23.8) | 58 | (25.8) | 44 | (21.6) | ||
1–2 h | 81 | (18.9) | 50 | (22.2) | 31 | (15.2) | ||
2–3 h | 61 | (14.2) | 26 | (11.6) | 35 | (17.2) | ||
3–4 h | 34 | (7.9) | 15 | (6.7) | 19 | (9.3) | ||
More than 4 h | 56 | (13.1) | 24 | (10.7) | 32 | (15.7) | ||
How many pills do you take to treat the headache on one occasion? | I don’t take any pills | 206 | (48.1) | 115 | (51.6) | 91 | (44.4) | 0.500 |
1–2 | 207 | (48.4) | 101 | (45.3) | 106 | (51.7) | ||
3–4 | 10 | (2.3) | 5 | (2.2) | 5 | (2.4) | ||
More than 4 pills | 5 | (1.2) | 2 | (0.9) | 3 | (1.5) | ||
How many days in the last 30 days did you take these medications? | I don’t take any pills | 182 | (42.8) | 107 | (48.2) | 75 | (36.9) | 0.016 |
Just one day | 106 | (24.9) | 47 | (21.2) | 59 | (29.1) | ||
2–5 days | 98 | (23.1) | 55 | (24.8) | 43 | (21.2) | ||
6–10 days | 24 | (5.6) | 7 | min (3.2) | 17 | (8.4) | ||
11–20 days | 13 | (3.1) | 6 | (2.7) | 7 | (3.4) | ||
21–30 days | 2 | (0.5) | 0 | (0.0) | 2 | (1.0) | ||
How long would it last if you did not take medication? | 1 = I don’t take any pills | 143 | (33.6) | 84 | (37.8) | 59 | (28.9) | 0.014 |
Less than 30 min | 32 | (7.5) | 15 | (6.8) | 17 | (8.3) | ||
31 min-1 h | 48 | (11.3) | 28 | (12.6) | 20 | (9.8) | ||
1–2 h | 54 | (12.7) | 34 | (15.3) | 20 | (9.8) | ||
2–3 h | 47 | (11.0) | 23 | (10.4) | 24 | (11.8) | ||
3–4 h | 23 | (5.4) | 7 | (3.2) | 16 | (7.8) | ||
More than 4 h | 79 | (18.5) | 31 | (14.0) | 48 | (23.5) | ||
Headache Pain Level | Minor | 86 | (20.2) | 46 | (20.6) | 40 | (19.7) | 0.906 |
Moderate | 239 | (56.1) | 126 | (56.5) | 113 | (55.7) | ||
Severe | 101 | (23.7) | 51 | (22.9) | 50 | (24.6) | ||
Where usually do you feel the headache in your head? | In left or right side | 87 | (20.4) | 48 | (21.5) | 39 | (19.1) | |
In both sides | 98 | (23.0) | 39 | (17.5) | 59 | (28.9) | 0.048 | |
Forehead | 182 | (42.6) | 102 | (45.7) | 80 | (39.2) | ||
Back of the head | 60 | (14.1) | 34 | (15.2) | 26 | (12.7) | ||
Thinking still of this type of headache, which best describes the pain? | Throbbing or pulsating | 92 | (21.6) | 59 | (26.6) | 33 | (16.2) | 0.012 |
Pressing or squeezing | 175 | (41.1) | 89 | (40.1) | 86 | (42.2) | ||
Sharp or stabbing | 39 | (9.2) | 14 | (6.3) | 25 | (12.3) | ||
Every attack with different pattern | 120 | (28.2) | 60 | (27.0) | 60 | (29.4) | ||
What are the things that trigger your headache and worsen it? | Exercises | 32 | (7.5) | 22 | (10.0) | 10 | (4.9) | 0.019 |
Light exposure | 157 | (36.9) | 68 | (30.8) | 89 | (43.6) | ||
Noise | 138 | (32.5) | 79 | (35.7) | 59 | (28.9) | ||
Other | 98 | (23.1) | 52 | (23.5) | 46 | (22.5) | ||
With this type of headache, do you usually feel nauseated | Yes | 88 | (20.8) | 27 | (12.2) | 61 | (30.2) | 0.001 |
No | 335 | (79.2) | 194 | (87.8) | 141 | (69.8) | ||
With this type of headache, do you usually actually vomit | Yes | 22 | (5.2) | 7 | (3.2) | 15 | (7.4) | 0.049 |
No | 401 | (94.8) | 214 | (96.8) | 187 | (92.6) | ||
Has a healthcare professional ever diagnosed you with any headache? | Yes | 21 | (4.2) | 12 | (4.4) | 9 | (3.9) | 0.708 |
No | 483 | (95.8) | 261 | (95.6) | 222 | (96.1) | ||
Type of headache have you been diagnosed with | Migraine | 20 | (33.3) | 12 | (35.3) | 8 | (30.8) | 0.106 |
Tension | 8 | (13.3) | 4 | (11.8) | 4 | (15.4) | ||
Cluster | 4 | (6.7) | 0 | (0.0) | 4 | (15.4) | ||
I don’t remember | 28 | (46.7) | 18 | (52.9) | 10 | (38.5) | ||
Seeking medical advice | Yes | 29 | (22.0) | 21 | (31.8) | 8 | (12.1) | 0.006 |
No | 103 | (78.0) | 45 | (68.2) | 58 | (87.9) | ||
Do you think they are all of one type, or are they of more than one type? | One type | 43 | (30.7) | 23 | (32.4) | 20 | (29.0) | 0.803 |
More than one time | 59 | (42.1) | 28 | (39.4) | 31 | (44.9) | ||
I’m not sure | 38 | (27.1) | 20 | (28.2) | 18 | (26.1) |
Characteristics | Headache during the Last 12 Months? | p Value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | |||||
N | % | N | % | |||
Do you use electron devices | Yes | 410 | (82.8) | 85 | (17.2) | 0.003 |
No | 4 | (44.4) | 5 | (55.6) | ||
What electron devices do you use most during the day? | Television | 3 | (75.0) | 1 | (25.0) | 0.165 |
Smartphone | 183 | (78.2) | 51 | (21.8) | ||
Tablet device (Tablet or iPad) | 209 | (86.0) | 34 | (14.0) | ||
Computer | 17 | (81.0) | 4 | (19.0) | ||
How many hours do you use your primary device * during the day? | Less than 30 min | 4 | (57.1) | 3 | (42.9) | 0.006 |
31 min–1 h | 2 | (40.0) | 3 | (60.0) | ||
1–2 h | 13 | (61.9) | 8 | (38.1) | ||
2–3 h | 23 | (85.2) | 4 | (14.8) | ||
3–4 h | 40 | (87.0) | 6 | (13.0) | ||
More than 4 h | 332 | (83.4) | 66 | (16.6) | ||
How many hours do you use all your electronic devices ** during the day? | Less than 30 min | 2 | (50.0) | 2 | (50.0) | 0.173 |
31 min–1 h | 5 | (83.3) | 1 | (16.7) | ||
1–2 h | 6 | (60.0) | 4 | (40.0) | ||
2–3 h | 10 | (66.7) | 5 | (33.3) | ||
3–4 h | 27 | (77.1) | 8 | (22.9) | ||
More than 4 h | 364 | (83.9) | 70 | (16.1) | ||
How is the rate of your use of electronic devices during one time? | Continuously without stopping | 278 | (84.0) | 53 | (16.0) | 0.135 |
Interrupted | 136 | (78.6) | 37 | (21.4) |
Characteristic | Have You Had a Headache during the Last 12 Months? | p Value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | |||||
N | % | N | % | |||
Do you exercise or do any physical activities in your day? | Yes | 169 | (79.7) | 43 | (20.3) | 0.226 |
No | 245 | (83.9) | 47 | (16.1) | ||
Do you exercise regularly? | Yes | 62 | (74.7) | 21 | (25.3) | 0.053 |
No | 352 | (83.6) | 69 | (16.4) | ||
How much do you exercise per week? | One day | 130 | (86.1) | 21 | (13.9) | 0.006 |
2 to 3 days | 91 | (82.7) | 19 | (17.3) | ||
4 to 6 days | 28 | (77.8) | 8 | (22.2) | ||
Every day | 15 | (57.7) | 11 | (42.3) | ||
How long do you exercise per day? | 30 min or less | 128 | (79.5) | 33 | (20.5) | 0.001 |
31 min to 59 min | 101 | (91.0) | 10 | (9.0) | ||
1–2 h | 22 | (68.8) | 10 | (31.3) | ||
More than 2 h | 9 | (75.0) | 3 | (25.0) | ||
Does physical activities or exercise tend to make the headache worse? | Yes | 64 | (97.0) | 2 | (3.0) | <0.001 |
No | 242 | (78.6) | 66 | (21.4) |
Characteristics | Univariate | Multivariate | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
cOR | 95% CI | p Value | aOR | 95% CI | p Value | ||||
Lower | Upper | Lower | Upper | ||||||
Gender | Male * | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Female | 1.78 | 1.11 | 2.86 | 0.018 | 1.58 | 0.83 | 3.01 | 0.168 | |
Daily activities affected by headache | No * | 1 | |||||||
Yes | 4.08 | 2.31 | 7.19 | <0.001 | 4.393 | 2.284 | 8.452 | <0.001 | |
physical activities affecting severity of headaches | No * | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Yes | 8.73 | 2.08 | 36.60 | 0.003 | 10.37 | 2.02 | 53.35 | 0.005 | |
Electronic device use | <one hour * | 1 | 1 | ||||||
2–3 h | 3.00 | 0.81 | 11.08 | 0.099 | 6.34 | 0.80 | 50.36 | 0.081 | |
4 or more hours | 5.03 | 1.57 | 16.08 | 0.006 | 13.89 | 1.96 | 98.54 | 0.008 | |
BMI categories | Underweight * | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Normal weight | 1.23 | 0.67 | 2.29 | 0.505 | 1.43 | 0.61 | 3.35 | 0.412 | |
Overweight | 1.52 | 0.73 | 3.13 | 0.261 | 1.89 | 0.72 | 4.95 | 0.193 | |
Obese | 1.69 | 0.72 | 3.95 | 0.227 | 3.25 | 0.93 | 11.43 | 0.066 |
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Alqassim, A.Y.; Alharbi, A.A.; Muaddi, M.A.; Makeen, A.M.; Shuayri, W.H.; Safhi, A.M.; Alfifa, A.Y.; Samily, I.H.; Darbashi, N.A.; Otayn, M.A.; et al. Associations of Electronic Device Use and Physical Activity with Headaches in Saudi Medical Students. Medicina 2024, 60, 299. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60020299
Alqassim AY, Alharbi AA, Muaddi MA, Makeen AM, Shuayri WH, Safhi AM, Alfifa AY, Samily IH, Darbashi NA, Otayn MA, et al. Associations of Electronic Device Use and Physical Activity with Headaches in Saudi Medical Students. Medicina. 2024; 60(2):299. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60020299
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlqassim, Ahmad Y., Abdullah A. Alharbi, Mohammed A. Muaddi, Anwar M. Makeen, Waleed H. Shuayri, Abdelelah M. Safhi, Abdulrahman Y. Alfifa, Idris H. Samily, Nawaf A. Darbashi, Mohammed A. Otayn, and et al. 2024. "Associations of Electronic Device Use and Physical Activity with Headaches in Saudi Medical Students" Medicina 60, no. 2: 299. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60020299