Infective Endocarditis by Capnocytophaga Species—A Narrative Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Results
3.1. Included Studies’ Characteristics
3.2. Epidemiology of IE by Capnocytophaga Species
3.3. Microbiology, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Diagnosis of IE by Capnocytophaga Species
3.4. Clinical Characteristics of IE by Capnocytophaga Species
3.5. Treatment and Outcomes of IE by Capnocytophaga Species
3.6. Comparison of Patients with IE by Capnocytophaga Species Who Died with Those Who Survived
3.7. Statistical Analysis of IE by Capnocytophaga Species
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Baddour, L.M.; Wilson, W.R.; Bayer, A.S.; Fowler, V.G.; Tleyjeh, I.M.; Rybak, M.J.; Barsic, B.; Lockhart, P.B.; Gewitz, M.H.; Levison, M.E.; et al. Infective Endocarditis in Adults: Diagnosis, Antimicrobial Therapy, and Management of Complications: A Scientific Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association. Circulation 2015, 132, 1435–1486. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, A.; Gaca, J.G.; Chu, V.H. Management Considerations in Infective Endocarditis: A Review. JAMA 2018, 320, 72–83. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cresti, A.; Chiavarelli, M.; Scalese, M.; Nencioni, C.; Valentini, S.; Guerrini, F.; D’Aiello, I.; Picchi, A.; De Sensi, F.; Habib, G. Epidemiological and Mortality Trends in Infective Endocarditis, a 17-Year Population-Based Prospective Study. Cardiovasc. Diagn. Ther. 2017, 7, 27–35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Papakonstantinou, P.E.; Samonis, G.; Andrianaki, A.M.; Christofaki, M.; Dimopoulou, D.; Papadakis, J.; Gikas, A.; Kofteridis, D.P. Epidemiology, Microbiological and Clinical Features, Treatment, and Outcomes of Infective Endocarditis in Crete, Greece. Infect. Chemother. 2018, 50, 21–28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Salazar Rodríguez, D.J.; Plata Ciézar, A.J.; Gaitán Román, D.; Urbano Carrillo, C.A. The Dog, Valves’ Best Friend: Infective Endocarditis Due to Capnocytophaga Canimorsus-a Case Report. Eur. Heart J. Case Rep. 2023, 7, ytad228. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- O’Dwyer, M.; Houlihan, J.-A.; O’Rourke, S.; Young, V.; O’Connell, B. An Infected Bicuspid Aortic Valve, an Anomalous Coronary Artery, and a Dog-Bitten Postman. J. Investig. Med. High Impact Case Rep. 2022, 10, 23247096221092283. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zangenah, S.; Abbasi, N.; Andersson, A.F.; Bergman, P. Whole Genome Sequencing Identifies a Novel Species of the Genus Capnocytophaga Isolated from Dog and Cat Bite Wounds in Humans. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 22919. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Taki, M.; Shimojima, Y.; Nogami, A.; Yoshida, T.; Suzuki, M.; Imaoka, K.; Momoi, H.; Hanyu, N. Sepsis Caused by Newly Identified Capnocytophaga Canis Following Cat Bites: C. Canis Is the Third Candidate along with C. canimorsus and C. cynodegmi Causing Zoonotic Infection. Intern. Med. 2018, 57, 273–277. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bennett, J.E.; Dolin, E.; Blaser, M.J. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 9th ed.; Elsevier: Philadelphia, PA, USA, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Villarma, A.; Gulvik, C.A.; Rowe, L.A.; Sheth, M.; Juieng, P.; Nicholson, A.C.; Loparev, V.N.; McQuiston, J.R. Twelve Complete Reference Genomes of Clinical Isolates in the Capnocytophaga Genus. Genome Announc. 2017, 5, e01186-17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jo, E.; Park, S.-N.; Lim, Y.K.; Paek, J.; Shin, Y.; Kim, H.; Kim, S.H.; Shin, J.H.; Chang, Y.-H.; Kook, J.-K. Capnocytophaga Endodontalis Sp. Nov., Isolated from a Human Refractory Periapical Abscess. Curr. Microbiol. 2018, 75, 420–425. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ehrmann, E.; Jolivet-Gougeon, A.; Bonnaure-Mallet, M.; Fosse, T. Multidrug-Resistant Oral Capnocytophaga Gingivalis Responsible for an Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Case Report and Literature Review. Anaerobe 2016, 42, 50–54. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Beauruelle, C.; Plouzeau, C.; Grillon, A.; Isnard, C.; Corvec, S.; Degand, N.; Jacquier, H.; Amara, M.; Mizrahi, A.; Diedrich, T.; et al. Capnocytophaga Zoonotic Infections: A 10-Year Retrospective Study (the French CANCAN Study). Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 2022, 41, 581–588. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zajkowska, J.; Król, M.; Falkowski, D.; Syed, N.; Kamieńska, A. Capnocytophaga Canimorsus—An Underestimated Danger after Dog or Cat Bite—Review of Literature. Przegl. Epidemiol. 2016, 70, 289–295. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Martino, R.; Rámila, E.; Capdevila, J.A.; Planes, A.; Rovira, M.; del Mar Ortega, M.; Plumé, G.; Gómez, L.; Sierra, J. Bacteremia Caused by Capnocytophaga Species in Patients with Neutropenia and Cancer: Results of a Multicenter Study. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2001, 33, E20–E22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Maury, S.; Leblanc, T.; Rousselot, P.; Legrand, P.; Arlet, G.; Cordonnier, C. Bacteremia Due to Capnocytophaga Species in Patients with Neutropenia: High Frequency of Beta-Lactamase-Producing Strains. Clin. Infect. Dis. 1999, 28, 1172–1174. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, J.-A.; Hong, S.K.; Kim, E.-C. Capnocytophaga Sputigena Bacteremia in a Patient with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Ann. Lab. Med. 2014, 34, 325–327. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Warren, J.S.; Allen, S.D. Clinical, Pathogenetic, and Laboratory Features of Capnocytophaga Infections. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1986, 86, 513–518. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Campbell, J.R.; Edwards, M.S. Capnocytophaga Species Infections in Children. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 1991, 10, 944–948. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Howlett, A.A.; Mailman, T.L.; Ganapathy, V. Early Cystic Lung Disease in a Premature Neonate with Perinatally Acquired Capnocytophaga. J. Perinatol. 2007, 27, 68–70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Duong, M.; Besancenot, J.F.; Neuwirth, C.; Buisson, M.; Chavanet, P.; Portier, H. Vertebral Osteomyelitis Due to Capnocytophaga Species in Immunocompetent Patients: Report of Two Cases and Review. Clin. Infect. Dis. 1996, 22, 1099–1101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- López Martínez, D.; Hermida Pérez, B.; Santos Seoane, M.S.; García González, P. Bacterial Peritonitis Secondary to Capnocytophaga Canimorsus. Rev. Esp. Enferm. Dig. 2023. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tay, J.S.; Chusid, M.J.; Dunne, W.M. Capnocytophaga Ochracea Pyonephrosis in an Infant with Obstructive Nephropathy. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. 1985, 4, 555–556. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Butler, T. Capnocytophaga Canimorsus: An Emerging Cause of Sepsis, Meningitis, and Post-Splenectomy Infection after Dog Bites. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 2015, 34, 1271–1280. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pers, C.; Gahrn-Hansen, B.; Frederiksen, W. Capnocytophaga Canimorsus Septicemia in Denmark, 1982–1995: Review of 39 Cases. Clin. Infect. Dis. 1996, 23, 71–75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shin, H.; Mally, M.; Kuhn, M.; Paroz, C.; Cornelis, G.R. Escape from Immune Surveillance by Capnocytophaga Canimorsus. J. Infect. Dis. 2007, 195, 375–386. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Manfredi, P.; Renzi, F.; Mally, M.; Sauteur, L.; Schmaler, M.; Moes, S.; Jenö, P.; Cornelis, G.R. The Genome and Surface Proteome of Capnocytophaga Canimorsus Reveal a Key Role of Glycan Foraging Systems in Host Glycoproteins Deglycosylation. Mol. Microbiol. 2011, 81, 1050–1060. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Renzi, F.; Dol, M.; Raymackers, A.; Manfredi, P.; Cornelis, G.R. Only a Subset of C. canimorsus Strains Is Dangerous for Humans. Emerg. Microbes Infect. 2015, 4, e48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Renzi, F.; Hess, E.; Dol, M.; Koudad, D.; Carlier, E.; Ohlén, M.; Moore, E.; Cornelis, G.R. Capsular Serovars of Virulent Capnocytophaga Canimorsus Are Shared by the Closely Related Species C. canis and C. cynodegmi. Emerg. Microbes Infect. 2018, 7, 124. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fowler, V.G.; Durack, D.T.; Selton-Suty, C.; Athan, E.; Bayer, A.S.; Chamis, A.L.; Dahl, A.; DiBernardo, L.; Durante-Mangoni, E.; Duval, X.; et al. The 2023 Duke-ISCVID Criteria for Infective Endocarditis: Updating the Modified Duke Criteria. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2023, 77, ciad271. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wareham, D.W.; Michael, J.S.; Warwick, S.; Whitlock, P.; Wood, A.; Das, S.S. The Dangers of Dog Bites. J. Clin. Pathol. 2007, 60, 328–329. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shankar, P.S.; Scott, J.H.; Anderson, C.L. Atypical Endocarditis Due to Gram-Negative Bacillus Transmitted by Dog Bite. South Med. J. 1980, 73, 1640–1641. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Montejo Baranda, M.; Acha Arrieta, V.; Hernandez Almaraz, J.; Perez Rodriguez, M.; Antoñana Oraeta, M.; Aguirre Errasti, C. Two Cases of Capnocytophaga Bacteremia, One with Endocarditis. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 1984, 130, 1420. [Google Scholar]
- Worthington, M.; Gleason, T.; Pandian, N.G.; Daly, B. Tricuspid Valve Myxoma Infected with Dysgonic Fermenter-2. South Med. J. 1984, 77, 241–242. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Archer, S.L. Dysgonic Fermenter 2 Infection Resulting in Chronic Glomerulonephritis. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 1985, 132, 657–660. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Buu-Hoi, A.Y.; Joundy, S.; Acar, J.F. Endocarditis Caused by Capnocytophaga Ochracea. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1988, 26, 1061–1062. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Niefield, S.; Young, E.J. Native Valve Endocarditis Caused by Dysgonic Fermenter Type 2 Bacilli. Am. J. Med. Sci. 1988, 296, 69–70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gormand, F.; Etienne, J.; Rigal, D.; Bonnard, M.; Fleurette, J.; Beaune, J. T Lymphocyte Disorder after Capnocytophaga Ochracea Endocarditis. Infection 1989, 17, 382–384. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Adair, J.C.; Banks, D.D.; Call, G.K. Stroke Due to Capnocytophaga Endocarditis. Rev. Infect. Dis. 1991, 13, 341–342. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Decoster, H.; Snoeck, J.; Pattyn, S. Capnocytophaga Canimorsus Endocarditis. Eur. Heart J. 1992, 13, 140–142. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Andersen, H.K.; Pedersen, M. Infective Endocarditis with Involvement of the Tricuspid Valve Due to Capnocytophaga Canimorsus. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 1992, 11, 831–832. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kooter, A.J.; Derks, A.; Vasmel, W.L.E. Rapidly Progressive Tricuspid Valve Endocarditis Caused by Capnocytophaga Canimorsus Infection in an Immunocompetent Host. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 1999, 5, 173–175. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ngaage, D.L.; Kotidis, K.N.; Sandoe, J.A.; Unnikrishnan Nair, R. Do Not Snog the Dog: Infective Endocarditis Due to Capnocytophaga Canimorsus. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. 1999, 16, 362–363. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Frigiola, A.; Badia, T.; Lovato, R.; Cogo, A.; Fugazzaro, M.P.; Lovisetto, R.; Di Donato, M. Infective Endocarditis Due to Capnocytophaga Canimorsus. Ital. Heart J. 2003, 4, 725–727. [Google Scholar]
- Gutierrez-Martin, M.A.; Araji, O.A.; Barquero, J.M.; Velázquez, C.; García-Borbolla, M.; Gallego, P.; Infantes, C.A. Aortic Valve Endocarditis by Capnocytophaga Haemolytica. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2007, 84, 1008–1010. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mills, J.M.; Lofthouse, E.; Roberts, P.; Karas, J.A. A Patient with Bacteraemia and Possible Endocarditis Caused by a Recently-Discovered Genomospecies of Capnocytophaga: Capnocytophaga Genomospecies AHN8471: A Case Report. J. Med. Case Rep. 2008, 2, 369. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hayani, O.; Higginson, L.A.J.; Toye, B.; Burwash, I.G. Man’s Best Friend? Infective Endocarditis Due to Capnocytophaga Canimorsus. Can. J. Cardiol. 2009, 25, e130–e132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Coutance, G.; Labombarda, F.; Pellissier, A.; Legallois, D.; Hamon, M.; Bachelet, C.; Lepage, O. Capnocytophaga Canimorsus Endocarditis with Root Abscess in a Patient with a Bicuspid Aortic Valve. Heart Int. 2009, 4, e5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jalava-Karvinen, P.; Grönroos, J.O.; Tuunanen, H.; Kemppainen, J.; Oksi, J.; Hohenthal, U. Capnocytophaga Canimorsus: A Rare Case of Conservatively Treated Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis. APMIS 2018, 126, 453–456. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Barry, M. Double Native Valve Infective Endocarditis Due to Capnocytophaga Canimorsus: First Reported Case Caused by a Lion Bite. Case Rep. Infect. Dis. 2018, 2018, 4821939. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sakai, J.; Imanaka, K.; Kodana, M.; Ohgane, K.; Sekine, S.; Yamamoto, K.; Nishida, Y.; Kawamura, T.; Matsuoka, T.; Maesaki, S.; et al. Infective Endocarditis Caused by Capnocytophaga Canimorsus; a Case Report. BMC Infect. Dis. 2019, 19, 927. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cardoso, R.M.; Rodrigues, J.; Garcia, D.; Campos, I.D. Tricuspid Valve Endocarditis Due to Capnocytophaga Canimorsus. BMJ Case Rep. 2019, 12, e233721. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Squire, G.; Hetherington, S. First Reported Case of Lead-Related Infective Endocarditis Secondary to Capnocytophaga Canimorsus: “Dog Scratch” Endocarditis. BMJ Case Rep. 2020, 13, e233783. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Oluyombo, R.; Tsiouli, E.; Gunda, S.S. Case Report of Capnocytophaga Canimorsus Septicemia with Infective Endocarditis in a Hemodialysis Patient: A Not Widely Known Dog Pathogen. Hemodial. Int. 2021, 25, E22–E25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sri, A.; Droscher, E.; De Palma, R. Capnocytophaga Canimorsus and Infective Endocarditis-Making a Dog’s Dinner of the Aortic Valve: A Case Report. Eur. Heart J. Case Rep. 2021, 5, ytab278. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lindén, S.; Gilje, P.; Tham, J.; Lindstedt, S.; Rasmussen, M. Capnocytophaga Canimorsus Tricuspid Valve Endocarditis. IDCases 2021, 24, e01083. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McNicol, M.; Yew, P.; Beattie, G.; Loughlin, L. A Case of Capnocytophaga Canimorsus Endocarditis in a Non-Immunosuppressed Host: The Value of 16S PCR for Diagnosis. Access Microbiol. 2021, 3, 000235. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hino, C.; Veltman, J. Capnocytophaga Tricuspid Valve Endocarditis: A Case Report and Literature Review. Access Microbiol. 2022, 4, acmi000355. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Harrigan, A.; Murnaghan, K.; Robbins, M. Double Valve Infective Endocarditis Due to Capnocytophaga Canimorsus. IDCases 2022, 27, e01448. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liesman, R.M.; Pritt, B.S.; Maleszewski, J.J.; Patel, R. Laboratory Diagnosis of Infective Endocarditis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2017, 55, 2599–2608. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Giuliano, C.; Patel, C.R.; Kale-Pradhan, P.B. A Guide to Bacterial Culture Identification and Results Interpretation. Pharm. Ther. 2019, 44, 192–200. [Google Scholar]
- Strejcek, M.; Smrhova, T.; Junkova, P.; Uhlik, O. Whole-Cell MALDI-TOF MS Versus 16S rRNA Gene Analysis for Identification and Dereplication of Recurrent Bacterial Isolates. Front. Microbiol. 2018, 9, 1294. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Giannitsioti, E.; Skiadas, I.; Antoniadou, A.; Tsiodras, S.; Kanavos, K.; Triantafyllidi, H.; Giamarellou, H. Hellenic Endocarditis Study Group Nosocomial vs. Community-Acquired Infective Endocarditis in Greece: Changing Epidemiological Profile and Mortality Risk. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 2007, 13, 763–769. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oehler, R.L.; Velez, A.P.; Mizrachi, M.; Lamarche, J.; Gompf, S. Bite-Related and Septic Syndromes Caused by Cats and Dogs. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2009, 9, 439–447. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wurcel, A.G.; Anderson, J.E.; Chui, K.K.H.; Skinner, S.; Knox, T.A.; Snydman, D.R.; Stopka, T.J. Increasing Infectious Endocarditis Admissions Among Young People Who Inject Drugs. Open Forum Infect. Dis. 2016, 3, ofw157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mathew, J.; Addai, T.; Anand, A.; Morrobel, A.; Maheshwari, P.; Freels, S. Clinical Features, Site of Involvement, Bacteriologic Findings, and Outcome of Infective Endocarditis in Intravenous Drug Users. Arch. Intern. Med. 1995, 155, 1641–1648. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hecht, S.R.; Berger, M. Right-Sided Endocarditis in Intravenous Drug Users. Prognostic Features in 102 Episodes. Ann. Intern. Med. 1992, 117, 560–566. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ortiz-Bautista, C.; López, J.; García-Granja, P.E.; Sevilla, T.; Vilacosta, I.; Sarriá, C.; Olmos, C.; Ferrera, C.; Sáez, C.; Gómez, I.; et al. Current Profile of Infective Endocarditis in Intravenous Drug Users: The Prognostic Relevance of the Valves Involved. Int. J. Cardiol. 2015, 187, 472–474. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rodger, L.; Glockler-Lauf, S.D.; Shojaei, E.; Sherazi, A.; Hallam, B.; Koivu, S.; Gupta, K.; Hosseini-Moghaddam, S.M.; Silverman, M. Clinical Characteristics and Factors Associated With Mortality in First-Episode Infective Endocarditis Among Persons Who Inject Drugs. JAMA Netw. Open 2018, 1, e185220. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McCarthy, N.L.; Baggs, J.; See, I.; Reddy, S.C.; Jernigan, J.A.; Gokhale, R.H.; Fiore, A.E. Bacterial Infections Associated With Substance Use Disorders, Large Cohort of United States Hospitals, 2012–2017. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2020, 71, e37–e44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bai, A.D.; Steinberg, M.; Showler, A.; Burry, L.; Bhatia, R.S.; Tomlinson, G.A.; Bell, C.M.; Morris, A.M. Diagnostic Accuracy of Transthoracic Echocardiography for Infective Endocarditis Findings Using Transesophageal Echocardiography as the Reference Standard: A Meta-Analysis. J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr. 2017, 30, 639–646.e8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, F.; Ge, J.; Kupferwasser, I.; Meyer, J.; Mohr-Kahaly, S.; Rohmann, S.; Erbel, R. Has Transesophageal Echocardiography Changed the Approach to Patients with Suspected or Known Infective Endocarditis? Echocardiography 1995, 12, 637–650. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kini, V.; Logani, S.; Ky, B.; Chirinos, J.A.; Ferrari, V.A.; St John Sutton, M.G.; Wiegers, S.E.; Kirkpatrick, J.N. Transthoracic and Transesophageal Echocardiography for the Indication of Suspected Infective Endocarditis: Vegetations, Blood Cultures and Imaging. J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr. 2010, 23, 396–402. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bonzi, M.; Cernuschi, G.; Solbiati, M.; Giusti, G.; Montano, N.; Ceriani, E. Diagnostic Accuracy of Transthoracic Echocardiography to Identify Native Valve Infective Endocarditis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Intern. Emerg. Med. 2018, 13, 937–946. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Thurnheer, T.; Bensland, S.; Eick, S.; Kulik, E.M.; Attin, T.; Karygianni, L. Antibiotic Resistance among Fusobacterium, Capnocytophaga, and Leptotrichia Species of the Oral Cavity. Oral Health Prev. Dent. 2023, 21, 93–102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ehrmann, E.; Handal, T.; Tamanai-Shacoori, Z.; Bonnaure-Mallet, M.; Fosse, T. High Prevalence of β-Lactam and Macrolide Resistance Genes in Human Oral Capnocytophaga Species. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2014, 69, 381–384. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Roscoe, D.L.; Zemcov, S.J.; Thornber, D.; Wise, R.; Clarke, A.M. Antimicrobial Susceptibilities and Beta-Lactamase Characterization of Capnocytophaga Species. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1992, 36, 2197–2200. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jolivet-Gougeon, A.; Sixou, J.-L.; Tamanai-Shacoori, Z.; Bonnaure-Mallet, M. Antimicrobial Treatment of Capnocytophaga Infections. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 2007, 29, 367–373. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rummens, J.L.; Gordts, B.; Van Landuyt, H.W. In Vitro Susceptibility of Capnocytophaga Species to 29 Antimicrobial Agents. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1986, 30, 739–742. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sande, M.A.; Scheld, W.M. Combination Antibiotic Therapy of Bacterial Endocarditis. Ann. Intern. Med. 1980, 92, 390–395. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lebeaux, D.; Fernández-Hidalgo, N.; Pilmis, B.; Tattevin, P.; Mainardi, J.-L. Aminoglycosides for Infective Endocarditis: Time to Say Goodbye? Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 2020, 26, 723–728. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Characteristic | All Patients (n = 31) * | Survived (n = 26) | Died (n = 5) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years, median (IQR) | 56 (43–64) | 55.5 (42.8–66) | 59 (47–64) | 0.8061 |
Male gender, n (%) | 23 (74.2) | 19 (73.1) | 4 (80) | 1 |
Predisposing factors | ||||
Dog bite, n (%) | 10 out of 26 (38.5) | 9 out of 21 (42.9) | 1 (20) | 0.6169 |
Previously on antibiotics, n (%) | 4 (12.9) | 4 (15.4) | 0 (0) | 1 |
Bad teeth hygiene or recent dental work, n (%) | 3 (9.7) | 3 (11.5) | 0 (0) | 1 |
Rheumatic fever, n (%) | 3 (9.7) | 3 (11.5) | 0 (0) | 1 |
Prosthetic valve, n (%) | 3 (9.7) | 2 (7.7) | 1 (20) | 0.4216 |
CIED, n (%) | 2 (6.5) | 2 (7.7) | 0 (0) | 1 |
Congenital heart disease, n (%) | 2 (6.5) | 2 (7.7) | 0 (0) | 1 |
Post cardiac surgery, n (%) | 1 (3.2) | 1 (3.8) | 0 (0) | 1 |
Previous IE, n (%) | 1 (3.2) | 1 (3.8) | 0 (0) | 1 |
IVDU, n (%) | 1 (3.2) | 1 (3.8) | 0 (0) | 1 |
Method of diagnosis | ||||
Transthoracic echocardiography, n (%) | 20 out of 30 (66.7) | 19 (73.1) | 1 out of 4 (25) | 0.0952 |
Transesophageal echocardiography, n (%) | 7 out of 30 (23.3) | 6 (23.1) | 1 out of 4 (25) | 1 |
Autopsy, n (%) | 2 (6.5) | 0 (0) | 2 (40) | NA |
Valve culture, n (%) | 5 (16.1) | 5 (19.2) | 0 (0) | 0.5601 |
Valve localization | ||||
Aortic valve, n (%) | 15 out of 29 (51.7) | 13 out of 25 (52) | 2 out of 4 (50) | 1 |
Tricuspid valve, n (%) | 10 out of 29 (34.5) | 8 out of 25 (32) | 2 out of 4 (50) | 0.5920 |
Mitral valve, n (%) | 6 out of 29 (20.7) | 5 out of 25 (20) | 1 out of 4 (25) | 1 |
Multiple valves, n (%) | 3 out of 29 (10.3) | 2 out of 25 (8) | 1 out of 4 (25) | 0.3706 |
CIED, n (%) | 1 (3.2) | 1 (3.8) | 0 (0) | 1 |
Clinical characteristics | ||||
Fever, n (%) | 30 (96.8) | 26 (100) | 4 (80) | 0.1613 |
Embolic phenomena, n (%) | 15 out of 30 (50) | 10 out of 25 (40) | 5 (100) | 0.0421 |
Paravalvular abscess, n (%) | 10 (32.3) | 9 (34.6) | 1 (20) | 1 |
Sepsis, n (%) | 9 (29) | 8 (30.8) | 1 (20) | 1 |
Heart failure, n (%) | 8 (25.8) | 7 (26.9) | 1 (20) | 1 |
Immunological phenomena, n (%) | 5 out of 29 (17.2) | 3 out of 24 (12.5) | 2 (40) | 0.1947 |
Shock, n (%) | 2 (6.5) | 2 (7.7) | 0 (0) | 1 |
Treatment | ||||
Aminoglycoside, n (%) | 13 (41.9) | 10 (38.5) | 3 (60) | 0.6254 |
Penicillin, n (%) | 12 (38.7) | 10 (38.6) | 2 (40) | 1 |
Cephalosporin, n (%) | 12 (38.7) | 8 (30.8) | 4 (80) | 0.060 |
Aminopenicillin, n (%) | 9 (29) | 8 (30.8) | 1 (20) | 1 |
Carbapenem, n (%) | 6 (19.4) | 6 (23.1) | 0 (0) | 0.5533 |
Antipseudomonal penicillin, n (%) | 3 (9.7) | 3 (11.5) | 0 (0) | 1 |
Quinolone, n (%) | 1 (3.2) | 1 (3.8) | 0 (0) | 1 |
Surgical management, n (%) | 20 (64.5) | 17 (65.4) | 3 (60) | 1 |
Outcomes | ||||
Deaths due to infection, n (%) | 2 (6.5) | NA | NA | NA |
Deaths overall, n (%) | 5 (16.1) | NA | NA | NA |
Study | Number of Patients | Age (Years) | Gender | Site of Infection n | Microbiology of Infection, n | Treatment Administered, n | Infection Outcomes, n |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Shankar et al., 1980 [32] | 1 | 64 | Male 1 | TrV 1 | Dysgonic fermenter type-2 1 | Penicillin 1 | Clinical cure a 0 Deaths overall 1 Deaths due to IE 1 |
Montejo Baranda et al., 1984 [33] | 1 | 43 | Female 1 | MV 1 | C. canimorsus 1 | Penicillin 1 | Clinical cure 1 Deaths overall 0 |
Worthington et al., 1984 [34] | 1 | 59 | Female 1 | TrV 1 | Dysgonic fermenter type-2 1 | Cephalosporin 1 Aminoglycoside 1 Surgical management 1 | Clinical cure 0 Deaths overall 1 Deaths due to IE 0 |
Archer et al., 1985 [35] | 1 | 39 | Male 1 | MV 1 | Dysgonic fermenter type-2 1 | Aminopenicillin 1 | Clinical cure 1 Deaths overall 0 |
Buu-Hoi et al., 1988 [36] | 1 | 30 | Male 1 | NR 1 | C. ochracea 1 | Aminopenicillin 1 | Clinical cure 1 Deaths overall 0 |
Niefield et al., 1988 [37] | 1 | 47 | Male 1 | TrV 1 | Dysgonic fermenter type-2 1 | Penicillin 1 Aminoglycoside 1 Surgical management 1 | Clinical cure 1 Deaths overall 0 |
Gormand et al., 1989 [38] | 1 | 61 | Male 1 | MV 1 | C. ochracea 1 | Penicillin 1 Surgical management 1 | Clinical cure 1 Deaths overall 0 |
Adair et al., 1991 [39] | 1 | 63 | Male 1 | AoV 1 | C. ochracea 1 | Clinical cure 1 Deaths overall 0 | |
Decoster et al., 1992 [40] | 1 | 52 | Male 1 | AoV 1 | C. canimorsus 1 | Penicillin 1 | Clinical cure 1 Deaths overall 0 |
Andersen et al., 1992 [41] | 1 | 56 | Male 1 | TrV 1 | C. canimorsus 1 | Penicillin 1 Aminoglycoside 1 | Clinical cure 1 Deaths overall 0 |
Kooter et al., 1999 [42] | 1 | 69 | Female 1 | TrV 1 | C. canimorsus 1 | Penicillin 1 Cephalosporin 1 Aminoglycoside 1 | Clinical cure 1 Deaths overall 0 |
Ngaage et al., 1999 [43] | 1 | 63 | Male 1 | AoV 1 | C. canimorsus 1 | Penicillin 1 Surgical management 1 | Clinical cure 1 Deaths overall 0 |
Frigiola et al., 2003 [44] | 1 | 41 | Female 1 | MV 1 | C. canimorsus 1 | Cephalosporin 1 Surgical management 1 | Clinical cure 1 Deaths overall 0 |
Wareham et al., 2006 [31] | 1 | 42 | Male 1 | AoV 1 | C. canimorsus 1 | Penicillin 1 Cephalosporin 1 Aminoglycoside 1 Surgical management 1 | Clinical cure 1 Deaths overall 0 |
Gutierrez-Martin et al., 2007 [45] | 1 | 51 | Male 1 | AoV 1 | C. haemolytica 1 | Aminopenicillin 1 Cephalosporin 1 Aminoglycoside 1 Surgical management 1 | Clinical cure 0 Deaths overall 1 Deaths due to IE 1 |
Mills et al., 2008 [46] | 1 | 64 | Male 1 | NR 1 | Capnocytophaga genomospecies AHN 8471 | Penicillin 1 Cephalosporin 1 Aminoglycoside 1 | Clinical cure 1 Deaths overall 1 Deaths due to IE 0 |
Hayani et al., 2009 [47] | 1 | 55 | Male 1 | AoV 1 TrV 1 | C. canimorsus 1 | Carbapenem 1 Quinolone 1 Surgical management 1 | Clinical cure 1 Deaths overall 0 |
Coutance et al., 2009 [48] | 1 | 65 | Male 1 | AoV 1 | C. canimorsus 1 | Aminopenicillin 1 Aminoglycoside 1 Surgical management 1 | Clinical cure 1 Deaths overall 0 |
Karvinen et al., 2018 [49] | 1 | 73 | Male 1 | AoV 1 | C. canimorsus 1 | Aminopenicillin 1 Carbapenem 1 | Clinical cure 1 Deaths overall 0 |
Barry et al., 2018 [50] | 1 | 43 | Male 1 | AoV 1 MV 1 | C. canimorsus 1 | Cephalosporin 1 Surgical management 1 | Clinical cure 0 Deaths overall 1 Deaths due to IE 0 |
Sakai et al., 2019 [51] | 1 | 46 | Male 1 | AoV 1 | C. canimorsus 1 | Cephalosporin 1 Aminoglycoside 1 Surgical management 1 | Clinical cure 1 Deaths overall 0 |
Cardoso et al., 2019 [52] | 1 | 49 | Female 1 | TrV 1 | C. canimorsus 1 | Carbapenem 1 Surgical management 1 | Clinical cure 1 Deaths overall 0 |
Squire et al., 2020 [53] | 1 | 76 | Female 1 | CIED 1 | C. canimorsus 1 | Carbapenem 1 Surgical management 1 | Clinical cure 1 Deaths overall 0 |
Oluyombo et al., 2021 [54] | 1 | 70 | Male 1 | TrV 1 | C. canimorsus 1 | Aminopenicillin 1 Piperacillin/tazobactam 1 Cephalosporin 1 Aminoglycoside 1 | Clinical cure 1 Deaths overall 0 |
Sri et al., 2021 [55] | 1 | 47 | Male 1 | AoV 1 | C. canimorsus 1 | Aminopenicillin 1 Carbapenem 1 Aminoglycoside 1 Surgical management 1 | Clinical cure 1 Deaths overall 0 |
Linden et al., 2021 [56] | 1 | 70 | Female 1 | TrV 1 | C. canimorsus 1 | Penicillin 1 Aminopenicillin 1 Surgical management 1 | Clinical cure 1 Deaths overall 0 |
McNicol et al., 2021 [57] | 1 | 59 | Female 1 | AoV 1 | C. canimorsus 1 | Penicillin 1 Aminopenicillin 1 Aminoglycoside 1 Surgical management 1 | Clinical cure 1 Deaths overall 0 |
Hino et al., 2022 [58] | 1 | 60 | Male 1 | TrV 1 | C. canimorsus 1 | Piperacillin/tazobactam 1 Carbapenem 1 Surgical management 1 | Clinical cure 1 Deaths overall 0 |
Harrigan et al., 2022 [59] | 1 | 76 | Male 1 | AoV 1 MV 1 | C. canimorsus 1 | Cephalosporin 1 Surgical management 1 | Clinical cure 1 Deaths overall 0 |
O’Dwyer et al., 2022 [6] | 1 | 33 | Male 1 | AoV 1 | C. canimorsus 1 | Cephalosporin 1 Aminoglycoside 1 Surgical management 1 | Clinical cure 1 Deaths overall 0 |
Rodriguez et al., 2023 [5] | 1 | 39 | Male 1 | AoV 1 | C. canimorsus 1 | Piperacillin/tazobactam 1 Cephalosporin 1 Surgical management 1 | Clinical cure 1 Deaths overall 0 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Spentzouri, D.; Baliou, S.; Ioannou, P. Infective Endocarditis by Capnocytophaga Species—A Narrative Review. Medicina 2024, 60, 382. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60030382
Spentzouri D, Baliou S, Ioannou P. Infective Endocarditis by Capnocytophaga Species—A Narrative Review. Medicina. 2024; 60(3):382. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60030382
Chicago/Turabian StyleSpentzouri, Despoina, Stella Baliou, and Petros Ioannou. 2024. "Infective Endocarditis by Capnocytophaga Species—A Narrative Review" Medicina 60, no. 3: 382. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60030382