Vitamin D Deficiency, Chronic Kidney Disease and Periodontitis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Vitamin D Metabolic Pathways
2.1. Classical Pathway
2.2. Non-Classical Pathway
3. Serum 25(OH)D Thresholds
4. Biological Mechanisms Linking Vitamin D Deficiency, CKD and Periodontitis
4.1. Altered Vitamin D Pathways in CKD
4.2. Elevations in PTH and FGF23 Levels in CKD
4.3. Oxidative Stress
4.4. Impaired Host Response
4.5. DBP Genetic Polymorphisms and Bioavailable 25(OH)D
5. Impact of CKD on Periodontal Inflammation
CKD- Mineral and Bone Disorder and Impact on Periodontitis
6. Impact of Periodontal Inflammation on Renal Function
7. Impact of Vitamin D Deficiency on CKD
Vitamin D Supplementation in CKD Patients
8. Impact of Vitamin D Deficiency on Periodontitis
Impact of Vitamin D Deficiency on Periodontitis in Pregnant Women and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes
9. Impact of Vitamin D Deficiency on Co-Morbidities Associated with CKD and Periodontitis
9.1. Cardiovascular Disease
9.2. Diabetes Mellitus
9.3. Autoimmune Disease
10. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ganimusa, I.; Chew, E.; Lu, E.M.-C. Vitamin D Deficiency, Chronic Kidney Disease and Periodontitis. Medicina 2024, 60, 420. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60030420
Ganimusa I, Chew E, Lu EM-C. Vitamin D Deficiency, Chronic Kidney Disease and Periodontitis. Medicina. 2024; 60(3):420. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60030420
Chicago/Turabian StyleGanimusa, Imaan, Emily Chew, and Emily Ming-Chieh Lu. 2024. "Vitamin D Deficiency, Chronic Kidney Disease and Periodontitis" Medicina 60, no. 3: 420. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60030420