Disparities and Outcomes in the First and Second Year of the Pandemic on Events of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Source
2.2. Sample and Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. AMI Trend among COVID-19 Cases
3.2. Comparing AMI Cases in COVID-19 Patients in 2020 vs. 2021
3.3. Baseline Characteristics
3.4. Trends in Mortality
3.5. Events of Cardiac Arrhythmias
3.6. Complications and Outcomes
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Time | Total Number of AMI Cases | Total Number of COVID-19 Cases | AMI Events among COVID-19 Cases |
---|---|---|---|
Apr-20 | 4525 | 123,925 | 3.65% |
May-20 | 2145 | 60,865 | 3.52% |
Jun-20 | 1775 | 59,035 | 3.01% |
Jul-20 | 3545 | 118,725 | 2.99% |
Aug-20 | 2515 | 75,970 | 3.31% |
Sep-20 | 1785 | 55,635 | 3.21% |
Oct-20 | 3130 | 98,525 | 3.18% |
Nov-20 | 7265 | 207,120 | 3.51% |
Dec-20 | 8050 | 220,060 | 3.66% |
Jan-21 | 10,520 | 261,279 | 4.03% |
Feb-21 | 3790 | 103,270 | 3.67% |
Mar-21 | 2445 | 75,705 | 3.23% |
Apr-21 | 2725 | 93,035 | 2.93% |
May-21 | 1765 | 55,215 | 3.20% |
Jun-21 | 715 | 26,825 | 2.67% |
Jul-21 | 2005 | 79,275 | 2.53% |
Aug-21 | 7055 | 227,059 | 3.11% |
Sep-21 | 6645 | 181,289 | 3.67% |
Oct-21 | 4410 | 111,135 | 3.97% |
Nov-21 | 4865 | 112,515 | 4.32% |
Dec-21 | 8505 | 195,530 | 4.35% |
Overall | 90,180 | 2,541,992 | 3.55% |
Variable | AMI among COVID-19 Patients in 2020 (n = 34,735) (%) | AMI among COVID-19 Patients in 2021 (n = 55,445) (%) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Mean age (±SD) | 72.38 (13.31) | 70.31 (13.71) | <0.01 |
Weekend admission | 26.8 | 26.7 | 0.766 |
Female | 39.3 | 40.5 | <0.01 |
Primary payer | <0.01 | ||
Medicare | 69.9 | 66.1 | |
Medicaid | 8.7 | 9.4 | |
Private | 15.5 | 17.8 | |
Race | <0.01 | ||
White | 55.6 | 65.0 | |
Black | 17.8 | 16.1 | |
Hispanic | 18.0 | 12.4 | |
Median household income | <0.01 | ||
0–25th percentile | 36.8 | 36.8 | |
26th to 50th percentile (median) | 29.6 | 27.4 | |
51st to 75th percentile | 20.5 | 21.7 | |
76th to 100th percentile | 13.1 | 14.1 | |
Hospital characteristics | |||
Hospital bed size | <0.01 | ||
Small | 23.5 | 24.7 | |
Medium | 29.9 | 30.7 | |
Large | 46.6 | 44.6 | |
Location/Teaching status | <0.01 | ||
Rural | 10.9 | 13.1 | |
Urban non-teaching | 18.0 | 18.5 | |
Urban teaching | 71.2 | 68.3 | |
Region of hospital | <0.01 | ||
Northeast | 18.7 | 16.6 | |
Midwest | 2.1 | 22.9 | |
South | 38.7 | 42.8 | |
West | 16.5 | 17.7 | |
Comorbidities | |||
Sarcoidosis | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.791 |
SLE | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.495 |
Rheumatoid arthritis | 2.1 | 2.2 | 0.290 |
Hyperthyroidism | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.615 |
Hypothyroidism | 14.1 | 13.2 | <0.01 |
Hypertension | 27.9 | 28.1 | 0.543 |
Dyslipidemia | 53.2 | 49.4 | <0.01 |
Smoking | 28.1 | 30.1 | <0.01 |
Diabetes | 49.0 | 45.9 | <0.01 |
CKD | 40.5 | 39.2 | <0.01 |
Prior CABG | 8.4 | 7.6 | <0.01 |
Prior PCI | 10.7 | 9.2 | <0.01 |
Family history of CAD | 4.5 | 4.0 | <0.01 |
Peripheral vascular disease | 4.4 | 4.3 | 0.604 |
Prior stroke | 8.3 | 7.6 | <0.01 |
Cirrhosis | 5.2 | 5.8 | <0.01 |
Alcohol abuse | 1.8 | 2.4 | <0.01 |
Prior MI | 9.4 | 8.8 | <0.01 |
Obesity | 20.4 | 25.5 | <0.01 |
Drug abuse | 2.0 | 2.8 | <0.01 |
COPD | 20.7 | 21.9 | <0.01 |
Mean CCI Score | 5.04 (3.35) | 4.91 (3.36) | <0.01 |
Time | Mortality of AMI Patients with COVID-19 |
---|---|
Apr-20 | 43.20% |
May-20 | 31.90% |
Jun-20 | 33.20% |
Jul-20 | 31.60% |
Aug-20 | 31.20% |
Sep-20 | 32.50% |
Oct-20 | 31.20% |
Nov-20 | 28.50% |
Dec-20 | 31.90% |
Jan-21 | 32.50% |
Feb-21 | 26.40% |
Mar-21 | 27.20% |
Apr-21 | 26.40% |
May-21 | 30.90% |
Jun-21 | 23.10% |
Jul-21 | 34.40% |
Aug-21 | 35.60% |
Sep-21 | 35.30% |
Oct-21 | 33.90% |
Nov-21 | 34.50% |
Dec-21 | 34.20% |
Overall | 32.70% |
Cardiac Arrhythmias | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | p-Value | aOR | Lower 95% CI | Upper 95% CI |
Atrial fibrillation | 0.424 | 1.013 | 0.982 | 1.045 |
Supraventricular tachycardia | 0.527 | 1.023 | 0.954 | 1.096 |
Ventricular tachycardia | <0.001 | 1.126 | 1.062 | 1.194 |
Complications | ||||
PCI | <0.001 | 1.627 | 1.454 | 1.822 |
Cardiogenic shock | 0.841 | 1.008 | 0.931 | 1.092 |
IABP | 0.565 | 0.902 | 0.636 | 1.281 |
AKI | <0.001 | 1.078 | 1.047 | 1.110 |
AIS | <0.001 | 1.215 | 1.113 | 1.328 |
Cardiac arrest | <0.001 | 1.106 | 1.050 | 1.166 |
Invasive mechanical ventilation | <0.001 | 1.133 | 1.096 | 1.172 |
Died | 0.043 | 1.032 | 1.001 | 1.064 |
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Dhaliwal, J.S.; Sekhon, M.S.; Rajotia, A.; Dang, A.K.; Singh, P.P.; Bilal, M.; Sakthivel, H.; Ahmed, R.; Verma, R.; Ramphul, K.; et al. Disparities and Outcomes in the First and Second Year of the Pandemic on Events of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients. Medicina 2024, 60, 597. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60040597
Dhaliwal JS, Sekhon MS, Rajotia A, Dang AK, Singh PP, Bilal M, Sakthivel H, Ahmed R, Verma R, Ramphul K, et al. Disparities and Outcomes in the First and Second Year of the Pandemic on Events of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients. Medicina. 2024; 60(4):597. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60040597
Chicago/Turabian StyleDhaliwal, Jasninder Singh, Manraj S. Sekhon, Arush Rajotia, Ashujot K. Dang, Prabh Partap Singh, Maham Bilal, Hemamalini Sakthivel, Raheel Ahmed, Renuka Verma, Kamleshun Ramphul, and et al. 2024. "Disparities and Outcomes in the First and Second Year of the Pandemic on Events of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients" Medicina 60, no. 4: 597. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60040597