Evaluation of Oxidative Stress and Endothelial Dysfunction in COVID-19 Patients
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design of the Study and the Subjects
- -
- Mild disease: mild respiratory symptoms, positive signs of pneumonia on low-dose CT, and SpO2 ≥ 94% on room air.
- -
- Severe disease: any of the following:
- (1)
- Respiratory rate > 30 breaths/min;
- (2)
- Severe respiratory distress or oxygen saturation < 90% on room air, partial oxygen saturation/fraction of inspired oxygen (PaO2/FiO2) ≤ 300 mmHg;
- (3)
- Any adult patient with COVID-19 presenting with lung infiltration > 50% on low-dose CT was defined as severe COVID-19 [14].
2.2. Measurement of Serum HSP-90 and ADMA Levels
2.3. Statistical Analyzes
3. Results
3.1. Population Analysis
3.2. Comparison of Patients with COVID-19 and Control Groups
3.3. Comparison of Mild and Severe COVID-19 Groups
3.4. Evaluation of Serum ADMA and HSP-90 Levels
3.5. Correlation Analysis
3.6. Logistic Regression Analysis
3.7. ROC Curve Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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COVID-19 Patients (n = 76) | Controls (n = 35) | p | |
---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | ||
Age (years) | 59.6 ± 13.4 | 55.5 ± 12.8 | 0.133 * |
Gender (female), n (%) | 32 (42.1) | 19 (54.3) | 0.232 ** |
BMI (kg/m2) | 29.4 ± 5.9 | 30.6 ± 10.1 | 0.541 * |
COVID-19 Patients (n = 76) | Controls (n = 35) | p * | |
---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | ||
Complete blood count | |||
Leukocyte (×109/L) | 8.2 ± 4.0 | 7.4 ± 1.6 | 0.115 |
Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.2 ± 1.7 | 13.7 ± 1.9 | 0.172 |
Platelets (×109/L) | 223.8 ± 85.0 | 283.4 ± 60.8 | <0.001 |
Neutrophil count (mcL) | 6.7 ± 4.0 | 4.4 ± 1.3 | <0.001 |
Lymphocyte count (mcL) | 1.1 ± 1.0 | 2.6 ± 1.8 | <0.001 |
Neutrophils (%) | 76.7 ± 14.0 | 59.2 ± 8.2 | <0.001 |
Lymphocytes (%) | 15.8 ± 10.4 | 31.1 ± 7.9 | <0.001 |
MCH (pg) | 27.1 ± 2.2 | 28.0 ± 2.4 | 0.048 |
Plateletcrit (%) | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | <0.001 |
Biochemical markers | |||
Glucose (mg/dL) | 159.1 ± 78.1 | 95.5 ± 24.6 | <0.001 |
Urea (mg/dL) | 43.2 ± 23.2 | 27.0 ± 8.5 | <0.001 |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.0 ± 0.5 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | <0.001 |
ALT (U/L) | 42.1 ± 39.5 | 15.6 ± 7.9 | <0.001 |
AST (U/L) | 48.3 ± 34.8 | 16.1 ± 3.7 | <0.001 |
Total protein (g/dL) | 6.7 ± 0.8 | 7.5 ± 0.4 | <0.001 |
Albumin (g/dL) | 3.1 ± 0.5 | 4.2 ± 0.3 | <0.001 |
CRP (mg/L) | 7.3 ± 5.2 | 0.5 ± 0.3 | <0.001 |
CK (U/L) | 194.4 ± 181.1 | 89.6 ± 34.9 | <0.001 |
CK-MB (U/L) | 22.1 ± 13.0 | 10.9 ± 4.7 | <0.001 |
GGT (U/L) | 43.2 ± 20.4 | 18.1 ± 10.3 | <0.001 |
LDH (U/L) | 456.4 ± 239.7 | 183.3 ± 39.2 | <0.001 |
Calcium (mg/dL) | 7.9 ± 0.7 | 9.2 ± 0.4 | <0.001 |
Sodium (mEq/L) | 135.1 ± 4.2 | 138.3 ± 2.2 | <0.001 |
Potassium (mmol) | 4.6 ± 1.0 | 4.3 ± 0.8 | 0.057 |
NLR (%) | 8.3 ± 7.1 | 2.0 ± 0.7 | <0.001 |
PLR (%) | 255.7 ± 173.4 | 127.5 ± 44.5 | <0.001 |
LAR (%) | 2.8 ± 1.6 | 1.8 ± 0.5 | <0.001 |
ADMA (ng/mL) | 214.6 ± 37.1 | 103.6 ± 11.2 | <0.001 |
HSP-90 (ng/mL) | 17.3 ± 6.4 | 7.4 ± 1.3 | <0.001 |
Mild (n = 17) | Severe (n = 59) | p * | |
---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | ||
Age (years) | 55.0 ± 7.4 | 60.9 ± 14.5 | 0.029 |
Gender (female), n (%) | 9 (52.9) | 23 (39) | 0.304 ** |
BMI (kg/m2) | 28.4 ± 4.4 | 29.7 ± 6.3 | 0.426 |
Complete blood count | |||
Leukocyte (×109/L) | 7.3 ± 3.8 | 8.5 ± 4.1 | 0.295 |
Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 12.6 ± 2.1 | 13.4 ± 1.6 | 0.112 |
Platelets (×109/L) | 227.5 ± 102.8 | 222.7 ± 80.2 | 0.840 |
Neutrophil count (mcL) | 5.5 ± 3.7 | 7.0 ± 4.0 | 0.177 |
Lymphocyte count (mcL) | 1.3 ± 0.5 | 1.1 ± 1.1 | 0.561 |
Neutrophils (%) | 71.3 ± 12.6 | 78.2 ± 14.1 | 0.074 |
Lymphocytes (%) | 21.3 ± 10.8 | 14.2 ± 9.8 | 0.012 |
MCH (pg) | 26.2 ± 3.3 | 27.4 ± 1.7 | 0.054 |
Plateletcrit (%) | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.871 |
Biochemical markers | |||
Glucose (mg/dL) | 177.9 ± 117.1 | 153.6 ± 63.0 | 0.421 |
Urea (mg/dL) | 32.5 ± 14.2 | 46.3 ± 24.4 | 0.029 |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.9 ± 0.5 | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 0.341 |
ALT (U/L) | 33.5 ± 20.8 | 44.5 ± 43.2 | 0.312 |
AST (U/L) | 38.7 ± 23.6 | 51.1 ± 37.1 | 0.199 |
Total protein (g/dL) | 6.9 ± 0.8 | 6.7 ± 0.8 | 0.208 |
Albumin (g/dL) | 3.3 ± 0.5 | 3.0 ± 0.4 | 0.054 |
GGT (U/L) | 43.2 ± 22.8 | 43.2 ± 19.8 | 0.997 |
LDH (U/L) | 399.4 ± 254.4 | 472.8 ± 235.0 | 0.269 |
Calcium (mg/dL) | 8.2 ± 0.4 | 7.9 ± 0.8 | 0.159 |
Sodium (mEq/L) | 135.8 ± 4.0 | 134.9 ± 4.2 | 0.445 |
Potassium (mmol) | 4.6 ± 0.9 | 4.7 ± 1.0 | 0.698 |
Inflammatory markers | |||
CRP (mg/L) | 5.6 ± 3.0 | 7.8 ± 5.6 | 0.040 |
Procalcitonin (ng/mL), median (IQR) | 0.09 (0.06–0.13) | 0.13 (0.06–0.21) | 0.148 *** |
Ferritin (ml/ng), median (IQR) | 283.8 (105.4–466.7) | 445.2 (273.6–733.0) | 0.059 *** |
Fibrinogen (mg) | 357.8 ± 116.2 | 403.3 ± 116.1 | 0.213 |
Cardiac marker | |||
Troponin I (µg/L), median (IQR) | 0.27 (0.27–0.27) | 0.15 (0.12–0.32) | 0.769 *** |
CK (U/L) | 179.6 ± 188.0 | 198.6 ± 180.5 | 0.706 |
CK-MB (U/L) | 20.7 ± 13.9 | 22.5 ± 12.8 | 0.616 |
NT-proBNP (pg/mL), median (IQR) | 154.9 (92.7–273.2) | 330.0 (152.9–598.6) | 0.028 *** |
NLR (%) | 5.2 ± 4.6 | 8.9 ± 7.0 | 0.046 |
PLR (%) | 205.9 ± 198.8 | 270.0 ± 164.4 | 0.181 |
LAR (%) | 2.3 ± 1.2 | 2.9 ± 1.7 | 0.126 |
ADMA (ng/mL) | 174.3 ± 18.6 | 226.2 ± 32.6 | <0.001 |
HSP-90 (ng/mL) | 10.9 ± 0.9 | 19.2 ± 6.0 | <0.001 |
Univariable Model | |||
---|---|---|---|
B | p | OR | |
Age (years) | 0.036 | 0.117 | 1.036 (0.991–1.083) |
Gender (female) | 0.566 | 0.307 | 1.761 (0.594–5.220) |
BMI (kg/m2) | 0.044 | 0.422 | 1.045 (0.938–1.165) |
Lymphocytes (%) | −0.063 | 0.020 | 0.939 (0.891–0.990) |
CRP (mg/L) | 0.100 | 0.135 | 1.106 (0.969–1.262) |
NT-proBNP (pg/mL) | 0.002 | 0.125 | 1.002 (0.999–1.005) |
ADMA (ng/mL) | 0.094 | <0.001 | 1.099 (1.048–1.152) |
HSP-90 (ng/mL) | 1.667 | 0.004 | 5.296 (1.719–16.316) |
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Berber, N.K.; Kurt, O.; Altıntop Geçkil, A.; Erdem, M.; Kıran, T.R.; Otlu, Ö.; Ecin, S.M.; İn, E. Evaluation of Oxidative Stress and Endothelial Dysfunction in COVID-19 Patients. Medicina 2024, 60, 1041. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071041
Berber NK, Kurt O, Altıntop Geçkil A, Erdem M, Kıran TR, Otlu Ö, Ecin SM, İn E. Evaluation of Oxidative Stress and Endothelial Dysfunction in COVID-19 Patients. Medicina. 2024; 60(7):1041. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071041
Chicago/Turabian StyleBerber, Nurcan Kırıcı, Osman Kurt, Ayşegül Altıntop Geçkil, Mehmet Erdem, Tuğba Raika Kıran, Önder Otlu, Seval Müzeyyen Ecin, and Erdal İn. 2024. "Evaluation of Oxidative Stress and Endothelial Dysfunction in COVID-19 Patients" Medicina 60, no. 7: 1041. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071041