Challenges and Advances in Interventional Cardiology for Coronary Artery Disease Management
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Acute Coronary Syndrome
3. STEMI Networks
4. Stable Coronary Artery Disease
5. Role of Invasive Imaging in CAD Revascularization
6. Restenosis
7. Stent Thrombosis
- Stent underexpansion: This is a common mechanism of ST; it can occur due to a stiff arterial segment or an undersized stent. It can be confirmed by IVUS or OCT and resolved with the use of a high-pressure balloon. If a high-calcium burden is detected, the use of rotational atherectomy can improve the stent deployment.
- Stent malposition: This occurs when there is a lack of contact between the struts and the intimal vascular wall of the vessel. It can be detected using imaging techniques (a space filled with blood is seen between the struts and vascular wall) and resolved with the stent post-dilatation.
- Stent edge dissections: This involves the mechanical disruption of the endothelium with blood extravasation into subendothelial planes [39]. Significant edge dissections (lumen narrowing < 4 mm2 or dissection angle > 60°) are associated with early ST. It can be detected with IVUS or OCT and treated with implantation of a second stent [14].
- Stent fracture: Tortuous or angled arteries, stent type, long stents, and/or overlapping stents are associated with the risk of stent fracture, which can promote ST. IVUS, OCT, StentBoost, and multislice CT scans can be used to diagnose. A thorough follow-up is required, and in some cases, re-stenting can be considered [40].
- Evaginations: Outward bulging of the luminal vessel contour between the stent struts. The use of intravascular imaging to ensure precise sizing can help prevent this issue.
8. PCI in Multivessel Disease
9. Coronary Bifurcation Lesions
10. Left Main Coronary Artery
11. Calcified Coronary Lesions
12. Research Opportunities and Future Perspectives
13. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Lugo-Gavidia, L.M.; Alcocer-Gamba, M.A.; Martinez-Cervantes, A. Challenges and Advances in Interventional Cardiology for Coronary Artery Disease Management. Medicina 2024, 60, 1323. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60081323
Lugo-Gavidia LM, Alcocer-Gamba MA, Martinez-Cervantes A. Challenges and Advances in Interventional Cardiology for Coronary Artery Disease Management. Medicina. 2024; 60(8):1323. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60081323
Chicago/Turabian StyleLugo-Gavidia, Leslie Marisol, Marco Antonio Alcocer-Gamba, and Araceli Martinez-Cervantes. 2024. "Challenges and Advances in Interventional Cardiology for Coronary Artery Disease Management" Medicina 60, no. 8: 1323. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60081323