Gender and Age Trends in HIV Incidence in Turkey between 1990 and 2021: Joinpoint and Age–Period–Cohort Analyses
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Comparison of Age-Standardized Incidence Trends in Türkiye with Global Averages
3.2. Joinpoint Analysis
3.3. Age–Period–Cohort (APC) Analysis
3.3.1. Age Group Effects
3.3.2. Period Effects
3.3.3. Cohort Group Effects
4. Discussion
4.1. Overview of Global and Local Trends
4.2. Stigma/Criminalization of Key Populations and Gender Disparities
4.3. Cultural and Social Beliefs
4.4. Mobility and Migration
4.5. Educational and Preventive Measures
5. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Average Annual Percentage Change [95% CI] | |||
---|---|---|---|
Age | Both | Female | Male |
15–19 | 11.77 [11.14, 12.39] | 11.04 [10.43, 11.65] | 12.48 [11.83, 13.13] |
20–24 | 7.49 [6.85, 8.12] | 7.96 [7.31, 8.62] | 7.18 [6.54, 7.83] |
25–29 | 4.54 [3.41, 5.68] | 4.13 [3.36, 4.90] | 4.58 [4.04, 5.12] |
30–34 | 3.50 [2.47, 4.53] | 1.50 [0.25, 2.76] | 3.75 [3.18, 4.33] |
35–39 | 3.04 [2.27, 3.81] | 3.60 [2.73, 4.48] | 2.95 [2.16, 3.76] |
40–44 | 1.73 [0.83, 2.64] | 1.02 [−0.06, 2.12] | 2.27 [1.62, 2.92] |
45–49 | 5.11 [4.11, 6.11] | 5.58 [4.44, 6.72] | 3.95 [2.56, 5.35] |
50–54 | 1.50 [0.29, 2.73] | 1.09 [−0.20, 2.40] | 1.57 [−0.04, 3.20] |
55–59 | 2.98 [1.74, 4.23] | 2.25 [0.85, 3.68] | 2.18 [0.73, 3.66] |
60–64 | 5.41 [4.03, 6.81] | 5.70 [4.14, 7.30] | 5.36 [4.13, 6.60] |
65–69 | 9.07 [7.40, 10.78] | 11.20 [9.23, 13.20] | 8.67 [7.00, 10.37] |
70–74 | 0.85 [−1.08, 2.82] | 0.31 [−1.73, 2.40] | 1.05 [−0.92, 3.07] |
75–79 | −4.81 [−8.64, −0.81] | −5.81 [−10.06, −1.35] | −4.09 [−9.03, 1.12] |
Age-standardized | 6.19 [5.56, 6.83] | 6.98 [6.33, 7.64] | 5.81 [5.17, 6.45] |
Both Coefficients (SE) | Female Coefficients (SE) | Male Coefficients (SE) | |
---|---|---|---|
Age group effects | |||
15–19 | 0.490 (0.016) *** | 0.626 (0.015) *** | 0.353 (0.019) *** |
20–24 | 0.157(0.012) *** | 0.240 (0.007) *** | 0.073 (0.010) *** |
25–29 | −0.018(0.021) | −0.051 (0.005) *** | 0.012 (0.233) |
30–34 | 0.008(0.024) | −0.063 (0.005) *** | 0.077 (0.013) *** |
35–39 | 0.009(0.024) | −0.067 (0.007) *** | 0.082 (0.017) *** |
40–44 | −0.026(0.019) | −0.047 (0.007) *** | −0.007 (0.015) |
45–49 | −0.167(0.014) *** | −0.105 (0.004) *** | −0.231 (0.012) *** |
50–54 | −0.210(0.014) *** | −0.153 (0.006) *** | −0.267 (0.013) *** |
55–59 | −0.130(0.018) *** | −0.124 (0.005) *** | −0.134 (0.014) *** |
60–64 | 0.037(0.027) | −0.054 (0.005) *** | 0.133 (0.013) *** |
65–69 | −0.151(0.029) *** | −0.201 (0.004) *** | −0.091 (0.015) *** |
Period effects | |||
1990–1994 | −0.347(0.008) *** | −0.221 (0.003) *** | −0.4750.008 *** |
1995–1999 | −0.234(0.010) *** | −0.153 (0.005) *** | −0.3150.011 *** |
2000–2004 | 0.001(0.016) | −0.017 (0.007) * | 0.0180.016 |
2005–2009 | 0.175(0.018) *** | 0.094 (0.006) *** | 0.2550.012 *** |
2010–2014 | 0.117(0.016) *** | 0.0740.006 *** | 0.1600.011 *** |
2015–2019 | 0.126(0.015) *** | 0.0960.006 *** | 0.1550.009 *** |
2020–2021 | 0.163(0.024) *** | 0.1260.004 *** | 0.2000.008 *** |
Cohort group effects | |||
1921–1925 | 0.076 (0.029) ** | 0.135 (0.005) *** | 0.011(0.020) |
1926–1930 | −0.018 (0.017) | 0.054 (0.005) *** | −0.095 (0.017) *** |
1931–1935 | −0.020 (0.013) | 0.024 (0.005) *** | −0.065 (0.020) ** |
1936–1940 | 0.005 (0.013) | 0.019 (0.007) ** | −0.006 (0.020) |
1941–1945 | 0.058 (0.013) *** | 0.043 (0.006) *** | 0.075 (0.016) *** |
1946–1950 | 0.125 (0.013) *** | 0.074 (0.006) *** | 0.178 (0.016) *** |
1951–1955 | 0.101 (0.017) *** | 0.039 (0.006) *** | 0.163 (0.016) *** |
1956–1960 | −0.002 (0.011) | −0.008 (0.006) | 0.002 (0.015) |
1961–1965 | −0.023 (0.010) * | 0.005 (0.005) | −0.052 (0.014) *** |
1966–1970 | −0.030 (0.012) ** | −0.030 (0.007) *** | −0.030 (0.014) * |
1971–1975 | −0.144 (0.010) *** | −0.141 (0.006) *** | −0.147 (0.012) *** |
1976–1980 | −0.195 (0.010) *** | −0.171 (0.007) *** | −0.218 (0.010) *** |
1981–1985 | −0.203 (0.012) *** | −0.175 (0.008) *** | −0.231 (0.010) *** |
1986–1990 | −0.132 (0.015) *** | −0.105 (0.011) *** | −0.159 (0.016) *** |
1991–1995 | 0.095 (0.018) *** | 0.103 (0.017) *** | 0.086 (0.026) *** |
1996–2000 | 0.483 (0.021) *** | 0.456 (0.027) *** | 0.509 (0.029) *** |
2001–2006 | 1.111 (0.031) *** | 0.994 (0.039) *** | 1.226 (0.050) *** |
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Derin, O. Gender and Age Trends in HIV Incidence in Turkey between 1990 and 2021: Joinpoint and Age–Period–Cohort Analyses. Medicina 2024, 60, 1357. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60081357
Derin O. Gender and Age Trends in HIV Incidence in Turkey between 1990 and 2021: Joinpoint and Age–Period–Cohort Analyses. Medicina. 2024; 60(8):1357. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60081357
Chicago/Turabian StyleDerin, Okan. 2024. "Gender and Age Trends in HIV Incidence in Turkey between 1990 and 2021: Joinpoint and Age–Period–Cohort Analyses" Medicina 60, no. 8: 1357. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60081357