The Neuroprotective Role of Indole-3-Propionic Acid in Migraine Pathophysiology
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Data Collection
2.4. Blood Sample Collection
2.5. Biochemical Analysis
2.5.1. Measurement of Indole-3-Propionic Acid (IPA)
2.5.2. Determination of Nitric Oxide (NO•) Level
2.5.3. Determination of Peroxynitrite (ONOO−) Level
2.5.4. Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) Activity Assay
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Control | Patient | p | |
---|---|---|---|
(n = 30) | (n = 57) | ||
Age, years | 29 (8) | 33 (18.5) | 0.555 |
Gender (F), n, (%) | 24 (32.9) | 49 (67.1) | 0.544 |
BMI | 24.15 (5.7) | 26.23 (7.85) | 0.565 |
IPA, ng/mL | 7.4 ± 1.41 | 8.39 ± 1.66 | 0.007 |
NO•, umol/L | 15 (2.68) | 14.67 (3.68) | 0.968 |
NOS, U/mL | 35.81 ± 7.32 | 37.57 ± 8.77 | 0.353 |
ONOO−, umol/L | 200.64 (17.27) | 205.04 (28.93) | 0.038 |
Control | EM | CM | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 30) | (n = 28) | (n = 29) | ||
Age, | 29 (8) | 32 (19.25) | 33 (18.5) | 0.824 |
Gender (F), n (%) | 24 (32.9) | 22 (30.1) | 27 (37) | 0.253 |
BMI | 24.15 (5.7) | 26.25 (7.8) | 25.48 (7.82) | 0.645 |
IPA, ng/mL | 7.4 ± 1.41 | 8.91 ± 1.63 | 7.88 ± 1.56 | 0.001 |
NO•, umol/L | 15 (2.68) | 13.7 (3.22) | 16.61 (5.07) | 0.001 |
NOS, U/mL | 35.81 ± 7.32 | 35.91 ± 9.3 | 39.17 ± 8.07 | 0.225 |
ONOO−, umol/L | 200.64 (17.27) | 204.6 (34.43) | 206.36 (24.31) | 0.102 |
EM | CM | p | |
---|---|---|---|
(n = 28) | (n = 29) | ||
Age, years | 32 (19.25) | 33 (18.5) | 0.774 |
Gender (F), n (%) | 22 (44.9) | 27 (55.1) | 0.144 |
BMI | 26.43 ± 5.19 | 25.36 ± 4.35 | 0.401 |
Attack Frequency (monthly) | 1 (0) | 7 (3) | <0.001 |
Painful Days (monthly) | 2 (2) | 15 (1) | <0.001 |
Number of NSAIDs (monthly) | 1 (2) | 10 (5) | <0.001 |
VAS | 6 (2) | 7 (1) | 0.008 |
HIT-6 | 60.5 (5.75) | 65 (6.5) | 0.019 |
MIDAS | 1 (1) | 4 (0) | <0.001 |
24 h QoL | 76.5 (6) | 41 (14) | <0.001 |
MMSE | 29 (2.75) | 28 (2.5) | 0.063 |
Mig-SCog | 4.64 ± 2.75 | 6.62 ± 2.29 | 0.005 |
IPA, ng/mL | 8.91 ± 1.63 | 7.88 ± 1.56 | 0.018 |
NO•, umol/L | 13.7 (3.22) | 16.61 (5.07) | <0.001 |
NOS, U/mL | 35.91 ± 9.3 | 39.17 ± 8.07 | 0.170 |
ONOO−, umol/L | 204.6 (34.43) | 206.36 (24.31) | 0.523 |
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Agircan, D.; Taskin, S.; Cekic, M.; Celik, H. The Neuroprotective Role of Indole-3-Propionic Acid in Migraine Pathophysiology. Medicina 2024, 60, 1417. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60091417
Agircan D, Taskin S, Cekic M, Celik H. The Neuroprotective Role of Indole-3-Propionic Acid in Migraine Pathophysiology. Medicina. 2024; 60(9):1417. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60091417
Chicago/Turabian StyleAgircan, Dilek, Seyhan Taskin, Murat Cekic, and Hakim Celik. 2024. "The Neuroprotective Role of Indole-3-Propionic Acid in Migraine Pathophysiology" Medicina 60, no. 9: 1417. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60091417