Assessment of Industry-Induced Urban Human Health Risks Related to Benzo[a]pyrene based on a Multimedia Fugacity Model: Case Study of Nanjing, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Review of Human Health Risk Assessment Studies
1.2. Study Area
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Spatial Data Extraction
2.2. Pollutant Concentration Calculation
Media | Source | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Air | Transportation a | 0.43 | 0.50 | 0.51 | 0.59 | 0.62 | 0.64 | 0.69 |
Industry b | 0.89 | 1.04 | 1.06 | 1.22 | 1.28 | 1.32 | 1.43 | |
Total | 1.32 | 1.54 | 1.58 | 1.82 | 1.90 | 1.96 | 2.12 | |
Water | Industry b | 0.17 | 0.16 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.13 | 0.12 |
2.3. Health Risk Exposure Assessment
2.4. Health Risk Characterization
2.5. Uncertainty Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Validation of the Multimedia Fugacity Model
Compartment | Measured | Simulated | Unit | Literature | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Min | Mean | Max | Year | Mean | Year | |||
Air | 0.962 | 5.1 | 31.6 | 2002–2003 | 2.34 | 2002 | ng/m3 | [20] |
0.41 | 4.17 | 19.4 | 2001–2002 | [28] | ||||
Water | 0.015 | 0.024 | 0.033 | 2007 | 0.025 | 2007 | μg/L | [29] |
0.029 | 0.043 | 0.089 | 2007 | [30] | ||||
Soil | ND a | 2.21 | 34.31 | Not specified | 16.00 | 2007 | ng/g(dry) | [31] |
Sediment | 1.94 | 22.95 | 34.85 | Not specified | 15.04 | 2002 | ng/g(dry) | [32] |
3.2. Temporal Variations of Urban Human Health Risk Induced by Industrial Pollutant
3.3. The Spatial Distribution of Urban Human Health Risk Induced by Industrial Pollutant
3.4. Uncertainty Analysis
3.4.1. Qualitative Analysis of the Model Uncertainty
3.4.2. Sensitivity Analysis
Factor | Ea | Ga | T | vaero | S | Kow | W | SFf |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1.1α a | 92.82% | −79.93% b | 84.66% | −77.35% | 87.24% | 87.24% | −83.80% | 91.96% |
0.9α | 93.25% | −96.26% | 85.09% | −94.11% | 85.09% | 85.52% | −102.28% | 92.39% |
Group c | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
3.4.3. Monte Carlo Simulation for the Parameter Uncertainty Analysis
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Files
Supplementary File 1Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Xu, L.; Song, H.; Wang, Y.; Yin, H. Assessment of Industry-Induced Urban Human Health Risks Related to Benzo[a]pyrene based on a Multimedia Fugacity Model: Case Study of Nanjing, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 6162-6178. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120606162
Xu L, Song H, Wang Y, Yin H. Assessment of Industry-Induced Urban Human Health Risks Related to Benzo[a]pyrene based on a Multimedia Fugacity Model: Case Study of Nanjing, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2015; 12(6):6162-6178. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120606162
Chicago/Turabian StyleXu, Linyu, Huimin Song, Yan Wang, and Hao Yin. 2015. "Assessment of Industry-Induced Urban Human Health Risks Related to Benzo[a]pyrene based on a Multimedia Fugacity Model: Case Study of Nanjing, China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12, no. 6: 6162-6178. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120606162