Process Analysis of Anaerobic Fermentation Exposure to Metal Mixtures
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Materials
2.2. Anaerobic Fermentation Experiment
2.3. Chemical and Microbial Analyses
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Biogas Properties of Cu-Treated Fermenters Combining with Fe, Ni and Zn
3.1.1. Biogas Yields
3.1.2. CH4 Yields
3.2. Process Stability as Indicated by the Variation of pH Values
3.3. Substrate Biodegradation
3.3.1. Variations of Ammonia Nitrogen (NH4+-N) Concentrations
3.3.2. Chemical Oxygen Demands (COD)
3.3.3. Responses of Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs)
3.3.4. Degradation of Lignocelluloses
3.4. Responses of Enzyme Activity
3.4.1. Cellulase
3.4.2. Coenzyme F420
3.4.3. Coenzyme M
3.5. Impacts of Metal Mixtures on the Microbial Communities
3.5.1. Structure of Microbial Communities
3.5.2. Methanogens and Their Relationships with Fermentation Parameters
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Feedstocks | Metals | Reactor Type and Volume | Temp (°C) | HRT (d) | Biogas Yield | CH4 Yield | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Phragmites straw + Cow dung | Cu | Pilot (30 L) | 37 ± 1 | 33 | 110.59 mL/gTS | Maximum 86.72% | [8] |
Phytolacca americana L. | Cu | Batch (0.7 L) | 37 | 50 | 0.12 L/gVS | 52% | [30] |
Zea mays L. | Cu | Batch (0.7 L) | 37 | 50 | 0.45 L/gVS | ~70% | [30] |
Brassica napus L. | Cu | Batch (0.7 L) | 37 | 50 | 0.40 L/gVS | ~70% | [30] |
Elsholtzia splendens | Cu | Batch (0.7 L) | 37 | 50 | 0.27 L/gVS | 56% | [30] |
Oenothera biennis L. | Cu | Batch (0.7 L) | 37 | 50 | 0.39 L/gVS | 56% | [30] |
Phragmites straw + Cow dung | Fe | Batch (0.25 L) | 35 ± 1 | 26 | 26.20–32.46 mL/gTS | Maximum 67.9% | [7] |
Synthetic waste | Fe | UASB (9 L) | 35 | 9 | 0.362 L/g COD removed | 80.5–93.0% | [20] |
Lemnaceae + Poultry manure | Fe | Batch (1 L) | 32 ± 2 | 50–80 | 0.281 L/g VS | 65–80% | [31] |
Lemnaceae + Poultry manure | Fe | Semi-cont. (25 L) | 32 ± 2 | 8.3–16.6 | 22.76 L/d | NR | [31] |
Synthetic model substrate for maize silage | Ni | Batch (1 L) | 35 | 30 | NR | 188–404 LN/kg organic dry matter | [32] |
Model substrate for maize | Ni | Semi-cont. (5 L) | 35 | ~60 | 0.6–8.0 LN/d | 36–55% | [33] |
Phragmites straw + Cow dung | Ni | Batch (0.25 L) | 35 ± 1 | 26 | 27.49–32.70 mL/gTS | Maximum 70.41% | [9] |
Azolla pinnata R.Br | Fe, Cu, Cd, Ni, Pb, Zn, Mn and Co | Batch (2 L) | 37 | 36–42 | 132–189 L/kg | 45–83% | [10] |
Lemna minor L. | Fe, Cu, Cd, Ni, Pb, Zn, Mn and Co | Batch (2 L) | 37 | 36–42 | 132–176 L/kg | 43–85% | [10] |
Seaweed | Cd, Cu, Ni, Zn | Batch (0.5 L) | 37 | 30 | NR | 0.09–0.12 LN CH4/g VSa (44.4–49.7%) | [34] |
Seaweed | Cd, Cu, Ni, Zn | UASB (0.8 L) | 37 ± 1 | 8.8–0.5 | 0.22–3.04 LN CH4/L·d | 0.16–0.23 LN CH4/g CODa (62.9–73.7%) | [34] |
Triticale | Al, Ni, Zn, Co, U, La | Stirring reactor (5 L) | 38 ± 1 | NR | ~780 LN/kgVS | 440 LN/kgVS | [35] |
Brassica juncea | Al, Ni, Zn, Co, U, La | Stirring reactor (5 L) | 38 ± 1 | NR | ~640 LN/kgVS | 425 LN/kgVS | [35] |
Helianthus annuus | Al, Ni, Zn, Co, U, La | Stirring reactor (5 L) | 38 ± 1 | NR | ~360 LN/kgVS | 163 LN/kgVS | [35] |
Eichhornia crassipes | Cu- and Cr-rich brass and electroplating industry effluent | Batch (NR) | 35 ± 1 | 20 | 11.10–27.80 L/kg dw | 29.80–63.82% | [36] |
Trapa bispinnosa | Cu- and Cr-rich brass and electroplating industry effluent | Batch (>0.15 L) | 35 ± 1 | 20 | 10.45–20.90 L/kg dw | 27.00–57.04% | [36] |
Characteristics | Corn Stover | Fresh Cow Dung |
---|---|---|
TS (%dry weight) | 95.59 ± 0.23 | 16.49 ± 0.16 |
VS (% TS) | 90.72 ± 0.24 | 84.00 ± 0.48 |
TN (% TS) | 1.21 ± 0.03 | 3.22 ± 0.11 |
TOC (% TS) | 13.94 ± 0.64 | 14.81 ± 0.37 |
Ratio of C/N | 11.52 ± 0.05 | 4.45 ± 0.30 |
Cellulose (% TS) | 20.19 ± 1.24 | 23.56 ± 1.47 |
Hemicellulose (% TS) | 14.05 ± 2.25 | 16.41 ± 0.48 |
Lignin (% TS) | 13.55 ± 0.07 | 15.41 ± 1.11 |
Cu (μg/g) | 8.57 ± 0.20 | 38.63 ± 0.30 |
Ni (μg/g) | 1.71 ± 0.37 | 1.78 ± 0.10 |
Cd (μg/g) | Negligible | Negligible |
Zn (μg/g) | 14.89 ± 1.61 | 152.44 ± 2.06 |
Fe (μg/g) | 520.80 ± 67.03 | 610.80 ± 12.87 |
Co (μg/g) | 0.34 ± 0.24 | 0.61 ± 0.03 |
Cr (μg/g) | 8.33 ± 1.13 | 3.01 ± 0.63 |
Metals | Lignin (% TS) | Hemicellulose (% TS) | Cellulose (% TS) | Total Lignocellulose (% TS) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cu | 19.63 ± 0.85 | 13.23 ± 0.75 | 19.34 ± 1.46 | 52.21 ± 3.06 |
Cu + Fe | 16.92 ± 0.90 | 11.44 ± 0.61 | 16.46 ± 0.83 | 44.83 ± 2.34 ** |
Cu + Ni | 19.95 ± 1.15 | 12.05 ± 0.69 | 20.21 ± 0.74 | 52.21 ± 2.58 |
Cu + Zn | 14.56 ± 1.03 ** | 12.34 ± 0.61 | 14.43 ± 1.18 ** | 41.34 ± 2.82 ** |
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Tian, Y.; Zhang, H.; Zheng, L.; Li, S.; Hao, H.; Yin, M.; Cao, Y.; Huang, H. Process Analysis of Anaerobic Fermentation Exposure to Metal Mixtures. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 2458. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16142458
Tian Y, Zhang H, Zheng L, Li S, Hao H, Yin M, Cao Y, Huang H. Process Analysis of Anaerobic Fermentation Exposure to Metal Mixtures. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(14):2458. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16142458
Chicago/Turabian StyleTian, Yonglan, Huayong Zhang, Lei Zheng, Shusen Li, He Hao, Meixiao Yin, Yudong Cao, and Hai Huang. 2019. "Process Analysis of Anaerobic Fermentation Exposure to Metal Mixtures" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 14: 2458. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16142458