Driving Accidents, Driving Violations, Symptoms of Attention-Deficit-Hyperactivity (ADHD) and Attentional Network Tasks
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedure
2.3. Tools
2.3.1. Demographic Information
2.3.2. Driving-Related Information
2.3.3. Dimensions of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
2.3.4. Attention and Perception
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sample Characteristics
3.2. Traffic Accidents, Traffic Violations, Driving Frequency, Driving Experience, and Objective Processing Speed of Attentional Network Tasks
3.3. Symptoms of ADHD and Driving Behavior
3.4. Age and Objectively Assessed Functioning of Attentional Network Tasks
3.5. Self-Reported Symptoms of ADHD and Objective Performance of Attentional Network Tasks
3.6. Age, Self-Reported Symptoms of ADHD, Driving Experience and Driving Frequency, and Objective Performance of Attentional Network Tasks as Predictors of Self-reported Traffic Violations and Traffic Accidents
3.7. Additional Computations; Demographic Information, Driving Behavior, and Cognitive Performance between Traffic Offenders and Traffic Non-Offenders
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Dimensions | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dimensions | Age | Accidents | At-Fault Accidents | Traffic Violations | Driving Frequency 1 | Driving Experience | ADHD | M (SD) |
Age | - | 0.06 | 0.09 | −0.32 ** | - | - | −0.05 | 31.37 (9.75) |
Accidents | - | - | 0.69 ** | 0.31 ** | - | - | 0.15 * | 1.20 (1.68) |
At-fault accidents | - | - | - | 0.19 ** | - | - | 0.16 * | 0.53 (1.04) |
Traffic violations | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.45 *** | 35.28 (9.78) |
ADHD | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.85 (1.39) |
Driving frequency 1 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.06 | - | - | 0.01 | 1.58 (1.13) |
Driving experience | 0.82 ** | 0.18 ** | 0.12 | −0.17 ** | 0.20 ** | - | −0.04 | 9.30 (7.81) |
Attentional network tasks | 0.16 | −0.06 | −0.03 | −0.30 ** | 0.05 | 0.32 ** | −0.07 | 56.59 (20.13) |
Alerting | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.01 | −0.05 | 0.08 | 0.09 | −0.10 | 37.89 (30.56) |
Orienting | 0.06 | −0.04 | 0.07 | −0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | −0.04 | 45.54 (33.67) |
Executive function | 0.08 | −0.5 | −0.11 | −0.13 * | 0.09 | 0.12 | −0.04 | 86.35 (38.84) |
Correct answers (%) | −0.12 | −0.03 | −0.04 | −0.08 | 0.04 | −0.18 | 0.03 | 95.32 (4.67) |
Incorrect answers (%) | 0.12 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.07 | −0.04 | 0.18 | −0.03 | 4.67 (5.25) |
Dimension | Variables | Coefficient | Standard Error | Coefficient β | T | p | R | R2 | Durbin-Watson Coefficient |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Violations | Intercept | 53.96 | 3.40 | - | 15.86 | 0.0001 | 0.557 | 0.310 | 2.119 |
Attentional network tasks score | −0.015 | 0.005 | −0.176 | −3.031 | 0.003 | ||||
Symptoms of ADHD | 2.164 | 0.334 | 0.336 | 6.479 | 0.0001 | ||||
Age | −0.223 | 0.054 | −0.242 | −4.158 | 0.0001 | ||||
Driving frequency | 3.981 | 0.754 | 0.275 | 5.277 | 0.0001 | ||||
Excluded variables | Driving experience, Alertness, Orientation, Executive function (all t’s < 1.4, all p’s > 0.14) | ||||||||
Accidents | Intercept | 2.077 | 0.505 | - | 4.114 | 0.0001 | 0.319 | 0.102 | 1.987 |
Symptoms of ADHD | 0.176 | 0.073 | 0.145 | 2.421 | 0.016 | ||||
Age | −0.042 | 0.018 | −0.236 | −2.313 | 0.022 | ||||
Driving experience | 0.076 | 0.023 | 0.343 | 3.312 | 0.001 | ||||
Driving frequency | 0.435 | 0.169 | 0.159 | 2.582 | 0.010 | ||||
Excluded variables | Attentional network task score, Alertness, Orientation, Executive function (all t’s < 1.0, all p’s > 0.16) |
t | Df | p | Mean Difference | Std. Error Difference | Cohen’s d | M (SD) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Offenders | Non-Offenders | |||||||
Age | 1.058 | 261 | 0.291 | 1.258 | 1.189 | 0.13 | 31.70 (8.6) | 30.45 (10.50) |
Driving experience | 2.748 | 261 | 0.006 | 2.590 | 0.942 | 0.34 | 10.37 (7.28) | 7.78 (7.79) |
Driving frequency | −2.785 | 261 | 0.006 | −0.209 | 0.075 | 0.34 | 1.47 (.67) | 1.26 (.53) |
Attentional network tasks | −0.377 | 261 | 0.706 | −5.068 | 13.428 | 0.05 | 704.53 (97.87) | 709.60 (119.33) |
Alerting | 1.395 | 261 | 0.164 | 5.313 | 3.809 | 0.17 | 40.57 (31.81) | 35.26 (29.84) |
Orienting | −1.249 | 261 | 0.213 | −5.102 | 4.085 | 0.15 | 42.30 (33.04) | 47.40 (33.18) |
Executive function | −0.640 | 261 | 0.523 | −3.091 | 4.828 | 0.08 | 85.53 (35.60) | 88.63 (42.55) |
ADHD | 2.879 | 261 | 0.004 | 0.49204 | 0.17090 | 0.35 | 2.09 (1.42) | 1.60 (1.34) |
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Zamani Sani, S.H.; Fathirezaie, Z.; Sadeghi-Bazargani, H.; Badicu, G.; Ebrahimi, S.; Grosz, R.W.; Sadeghi Bahmani, D.; Brand, S. Driving Accidents, Driving Violations, Symptoms of Attention-Deficit-Hyperactivity (ADHD) and Attentional Network Tasks. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 5238. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145238
Zamani Sani SH, Fathirezaie Z, Sadeghi-Bazargani H, Badicu G, Ebrahimi S, Grosz RW, Sadeghi Bahmani D, Brand S. Driving Accidents, Driving Violations, Symptoms of Attention-Deficit-Hyperactivity (ADHD) and Attentional Network Tasks. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(14):5238. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145238
Chicago/Turabian StyleZamani Sani, Seyed Hojjat, Zahra Fathirezaie, Homayoun Sadeghi-Bazargani, Georgian Badicu, Safyeh Ebrahimi, Robert Wilhelm Grosz, Dena Sadeghi Bahmani, and Serge Brand. 2020. "Driving Accidents, Driving Violations, Symptoms of Attention-Deficit-Hyperactivity (ADHD) and Attentional Network Tasks" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 14: 5238. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145238
APA StyleZamani Sani, S. H., Fathirezaie, Z., Sadeghi-Bazargani, H., Badicu, G., Ebrahimi, S., Grosz, R. W., Sadeghi Bahmani, D., & Brand, S. (2020). Driving Accidents, Driving Violations, Symptoms of Attention-Deficit-Hyperactivity (ADHD) and Attentional Network Tasks. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(14), 5238. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145238