Cohort Profile: ZOE 2.0—A Community-Based Genetic Epidemiologic Study of Early Childhood Oral Health
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Enrollment of Study Participants
3.2. Clinical Examinations
3.3. Data Completeness
3.4. Protocol Deviations
3.5. Enrolled and Examined Participants’ Demographic Characteristics
3.6. Main Study Outcomes—ECC
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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n (%) | |
---|---|
Questionnaire data (among those with verified, consented enrollment) | 8054/8059 99.9% |
Usable (i.e., non-missing) clinical dental data (among those with attempted clinical exams) | 6404/6470 99% |
Usable (i.e., non-missing) anthropometric (i.e., height/weight) data (among those with attempted clinical exams) | 6442/6470 99% |
Saliva collected (among those that had exams and have non-missing clinical data) | 6369/6404 99% |
Supragingival plaque collected (among those that had exams and have non-missing clinical data) | 6271/6404 98% |
Adequate quality and quantity of human DNA available (among those with non-missing clinical data that provided saliva samples) | 6262/6369 98% |
Acceptable performance during genotyping (among those with adequate quality and quantity of human DNA) | 6107/6262 98% |
Water sample provided for fluoride measurement (among those with attempted clinical exams) | 1613/6470 25% |
Usable fluoride concentration information (among those who provided a domestic water sample) | 1518/1613 94% |
Fluoride concentration data available (among those with clinical data) | 1518/6404 24% |
Fluoride concentration and geocoding data available (among those with clinical data) | 1501/6404 23% |
Question | % |
---|---|
Who brushes your child’s teeth at home? | 0.4 |
How often are your child’s teeth brushed? | 0.4 |
Is toothpaste with fluoride used every time your child’s teeth are brushed? | 1.1 |
How many snacks and drinks containing sugar does your child usually have between meals? | 0.5 |
Has your child ever gone to the dentist? | 1.1 |
Does your child usually see a dentist for a check-up or because of dental problems? | 1.3 |
Has your child ever been put to bed with a bottle containing something other than water? | 2.1 |
How would you describe the condition of your child’s mouth and teeth? | 1.2 |
How would you describe the condition of your mouth and teeth? | 2.6 |
Has your child ever had a toothache or other dental pain (not from teething)? | 1.2 |
Has your child been given an over-the-counter medication during the last 30 days? | 1.2 |
What is the highest grade-level of schooling you have completed? | 2.6 |
Are you of Hispanic or Latino origin? | 1.1 |
What is your child’s race? | 2.9 |
What is the primary source of your home drinking water for your child? | 1.1 |
All Enrolled | w/ECC Information | p * | |
---|---|---|---|
n (Column %) | n (Column %) | ||
Entire Sample | 8059 (100) | 6404 (100) | |
Sex † | |||
male | 4000 (50) | 3189 (50) | 0.6 |
female | 4057 (50) | 3215 (50) | |
missing | 2 | 0 | |
Age at enrollment (years) | 0.2 | ||
3 | 2568 (32) | 1992 (31) | |
4 | 4234 (53) | 3375 (53) | |
5 | 1257 (16) | 1037 (16) | |
(months), mean (SD) | 52 (7.5) | 52 (7.4) | 0.2 |
Race | |||
African–American | 3872 (48) | 3094 (48) | 0.7 |
American–Indian or Alaskan Native | 236 (3) | 186 (3) | |
Asian | 42 (1) | 32 (1) | |
Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander | 7 (0.1) | 4 (0.1) | |
White | 1765 (22) | 1385 (22) | |
>1 race | 1067 (13) | 835 (13) | |
other/missing | 1070 (13) | 868 (13) | |
Hispanic ethnicity | 0.8 | ||
yes | 1611 (20) | 1291 (20) | |
no | 6355 (80) | 5042 (80) | |
missing | 93 | 71 |
Established ECC, Defined at the ICDAS ≥ 3 threshold | Classic ECC, Defined at the ICDAS ≥ 1 threshold | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
dmfs > 0, n (row %) | dmfs, mean (se*) | dmfs>0, n (row %) | dmfs, mean (se*) | |
Entire Sample | 3465 (54) | 8 (0.6) | 5882 (92) | 15 (0.7) |
Sex | ||||
male | 1748 (55) | 8 (0.5) | 2935 (92) | 16 (0.6) |
female | 1717 (53) | 8 (0.7) | 2947 (92) | 15 (0.7) |
Age (years) | ||||
3 | 673 (45) | 5 (0.4) | 1347 (90) | 13 (0.6) |
4 | 1836 (55) | 8 (0.6) | 3084 (92) | 15 (0.7) |
5 | 956 (61) | 11 (0.8) | 1451 (93) | 17 (0.9) |
Race | ||||
African–American | 1622 (52) | 7 (0.5) | 2845 (92) | 14 (0.6) |
American–Indian or Alaskan Native | 127 (68) | 15 (1.6) | 180 (97) | 22 (1.3) |
Asian | 24 (75) | 16 (3.3) | 32 (100) | 23 (3.5) |
Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander | 4 (100) | 21 (6.7) | 4 (100) | 30 (8.0) |
White | 725 (52) | 8 (0.6) | 1251 (90) | 15 (0.9) |
>1 race | 426 (51) | 7 (0.6) | 741 (89) | 13 (0.7) |
other | 534 (62) | 11 (1.0) | 825 (95) | 18 (1.1) |
Hispanic ethnicity | ||||
yes | 788 (61) | 11 (1.0) | 1209 (94) | 18 (1.2) |
no | 2643 (52) | 7 (0.5) | 4604 (91) | 14 (0.6) |
missing | 34 (48) | 8 (2.4) | 69 (97) | 16 (2.4) |
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Divaris, K.; Slade, G.D.; Ferreira Zandona, A.G.; Preisser, J.S.; Ginnis, J.; Simancas-Pallares, M.A.; Agler, C.S.; Shrestha, P.; Karhade, D.S.; Ribeiro, A.d.A.; et al. Cohort Profile: ZOE 2.0—A Community-Based Genetic Epidemiologic Study of Early Childhood Oral Health. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 8056. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218056
Divaris K, Slade GD, Ferreira Zandona AG, Preisser JS, Ginnis J, Simancas-Pallares MA, Agler CS, Shrestha P, Karhade DS, Ribeiro AdA, et al. Cohort Profile: ZOE 2.0—A Community-Based Genetic Epidemiologic Study of Early Childhood Oral Health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(21):8056. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218056
Chicago/Turabian StyleDivaris, Kimon, Gary D. Slade, Andrea G. Ferreira Zandona, John S. Preisser, Jeannie Ginnis, Miguel A. Simancas-Pallares, Cary S. Agler, Poojan Shrestha, Deepti S. Karhade, Apoena de Aguiar Ribeiro, and et al. 2020. "Cohort Profile: ZOE 2.0—A Community-Based Genetic Epidemiologic Study of Early Childhood Oral Health" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 21: 8056. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218056