The Influence of Social Isolation on the Preventive Behaviors for Non-Communicable Diseases in Community-Dwelling Older Adults in Japan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Research Design and Participants
2.2. Measurements
2.3. Ethical Considerations
2.4. Data Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | n (%)/mean ± SD |
---|---|
Sex (women) | 39 (68.4) |
Age (years) | 75.5 ± 6.8 |
Family | |
Spouse/partner | 17 (29.8) |
Children | 3 (5.3) |
Alone | 18 (31.6) |
Others | 8 (14.0) |
Satisfaction with household income a | 3.6 ± 1.0 |
Lawton scale score b | 6.0 ± 1.3 |
History of diseases | |
Hypertension | 29 (50.9) |
Diabetes | 4 (7.0) |
Cardiovascular diseases | 5 (8.8) |
Cancer | 1 (1.8) |
Chronic respiratory diseases | 4 (7.0) |
Weight fluctuation since 20s | |
Lost weight or same | 21 (36.8) |
Less than 10 kg gain | 24 (42.1) |
Over 10 kg gain | 12 (21.1) |
Health status | |
Blood pressure (systolic/diastolic; mmHg) | 139.8 ± 18.1/85.7 ± 9.0 |
Waist (cm) | 85.7 ± 9.0 |
Hip (cm) | 92.7 ± 6.2 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.3 ± 3.0 |
Bone density (%) | 105.7 ± 11.1 |
Skeletal muscle mass index (kg/m2) | 7.1 ± 0.9 |
Grip strength (kg) | 24.9 ± 7.4 |
Gait speed (m/s) | 1.2 ± 0.2 |
Variables | n (%)/mean ± SD |
---|---|
Tobacco use | |
Duration of smoking (years) | 26.8 ± 20.6 |
Current smoking | 2 (3.6) |
Alcohol consumption | |
<5 times per week | 31 (55.4) |
5–7 times per week | 25 (44.6) |
Dietary habit (days/week) | |
Breakfast | 6.9 ± 0.6 |
Vegetables | 6.4 ± 1.2 |
Fruits | 5.8 ± 1.8 |
Salty food | 3.1 ± 0.6 |
Physical activities (days/week) | |
Vigorous intensity | 2.7 ± 2.5 |
Moderate intensity | 3.1 ± 2.2 |
Light intensity | 5.0 ± 2.1 |
Stress level a | 3.96 ± 1.82 |
Behaviors for NCD prevention | |
Having a healthy diet | 18 (33.3) |
Daily physical activities | 17 (31.5) |
No smoking | 5 (9.3) |
Limited alcohol intake | 5 (9.3) |
Regular health checkups | 49 (87.5) |
Variables | n (%)/mean ± SD |
---|---|
Social participation | |
Yes | 47 (82.5) |
No | 10 (17.5) |
Loneliness a | |
Hardly ever | 38 (66.7) |
Sometimes | 17 (29.8) |
Often | 2 (3.5) |
Loneliness scale scores | 1.37 ± 0.56 |
Variables 1 | Non-Participative (n = 10) | Participative (n = 47) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Sex (women) | 6 (60.0) | 33 (70.2) | 0.71 |
Age (years) | 72.3 ± 7.8 | 76.2 ± 6.5 | 0.10 |
Tobacco use | |||
Duration of smoking (years) | 23.3 ± 23.1 | 27.6 ± 20.9 | 0.76 |
Current smoking | 1 (10.0) | 1 (2.2) | 0.33 |
Alcohol consumption | |||
<5 times per week | 5 (50.0) | 26 (56.5) | 0.74 |
5–7 times per week | 5 (50.0) | 20 (43.5) | |
Dietary habit (days/week) | |||
Breakfast | 6.9 ± 0.3 | 6.9 ± 0.6 | 0.98 |
Vegetables | 5.7 ± 2.4 | 6.6 ± 0.8 | 0.048 |
Fruits | 4.5 ± 2.7 | 6.1 ± 1.4 | 0.008 |
Salty food | 3.2 ± 0.6 | 3.1 ± 0.7 | 0.71 |
Physical activities (days/week) | |||
Vigorous intensity | 3.0 ± 2.7 | 2.6 ± 2.5 | 0.66 |
Moderate intensity | 2.9 ± 2.2 | 3.1 ± 2.2 | 0.77 |
Light intensity | 4.2 ± 2.2 | 5.2 ± 2.1 | 0.21 |
Stress level a | 4.00 ± 1.89 | 3.96 ± 1.83 | 0.95 |
Behaviors for NCD prevention | |||
Having a healthy diet | 2 (20.0) | 16 (36.4) | 0.47 |
Daily physical activities | 4 (40.0) | 13 (29.5) | 0.71 |
No smoking | 0 | 5 (11.4) | – |
Limited alcohol intake | 1 (10.0) | 4 (9.1) | 0.99 |
Regular health checkups | 9 (90.0) | 40 (87.0) | 0.99 |
Variables 1 | Non-Participative (n = 10) | Participative (n = 47) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Hypertension | 7 (70.0) | 22 (46.8) | 0.30 |
Diabetes | 2 (20.0) | 2 (4.3) | 0.14 |
Cardiovascular diseases | 1 (10.0) | 4 (8.5) | 0.99 |
Cancer | 0 | 1 (2.1) | - |
Chronic respiratory diseases | 0 | 4 (8.5) | - |
Blood pressure (mmHg) | |||
Systolic | 140.2 ± 13.0 | 139.7 ± 19.2 | 0.94 |
Diastolic | 82.7 ± 9.4 | 76.9 ± 10.4 | 0.93 |
Waist (cm) | 87.1 ± 7.7 | 85.6 ± 9.4 | 0.89 |
Hip (cm) | 94.2 ± 5.9 | 92.4 ± 6.2 | 0.41 |
Waist–hip ratio | 0.91 ± 0.05 | 0.93 ± 0.06 | 0.56 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.6 ± 2.9 | 23.2 ± 3.1 | 0.73 |
Bone density (%) | 99.4 ± 12.0 | 107.1 ± 10.6 | 0.046 |
Skeletal muscle mass index (kg/m2) | 7.5 ± 0.7 | 7.1 ± 1.0 | 0.29 |
Grip strength (kg) | 25.2 ± 8.0 | 24.8 ± 7.3 | 0.90 |
Gait speed (m/s) | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 1.3 ± 0.2 | 0.29 |
Variables | β | SE | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Sex (women) | 0.18 | 0.16 | 0.18 |
Age (years) | −0.33 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
Tobacco use | |||
Duration of smoking (years) | 0.45 | 0.006 | 0.08 |
Current smoking | 0.23 | 0.39 | 0.09 |
Alcohol consumption (5–7 times per week) | −0.09 | 0.15 | 0.51 |
Dietary habit (days/week) | |||
Breakfast | −0.005 | 0.14 | 0.97 |
Vegetables | −0.33 | 0.06 | 0.01 |
Fruits | −0.26 | 0.04 | 0.048 |
Salt intake | 0.07 | 0.12 | 0.48 |
Physical activities (days/week) | |||
Vigorous intensity | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.88 |
Moderate intensity | −0.28 | 0.04 | 0.09 |
Light intensity | −0.10 | 0.04 | 0.51 |
Stress level a | 0.17 | 0.04 | 0.20 |
Behaviors for NCD prevention | |||
Having a healthy diet | −0.17 | 0.16 | 0.23 |
Daily physical activities | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.29 |
No smoking | −0.20 | 0.26 | 0.14 |
Limited alcohol intake | 0.03 | 0.26 | 0.84 |
Regular health checkups | 0.05 | 0.23 | 0.72 |
Variables | β | SE | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Hypertension | 0.21 | 0.15 | 0.11 |
Diabetes | 0.19 | 0.29 | 0.16 |
Cardiovascular diseases | 0.02 | 0.26 | 0.90 |
Cancer | −0.09 | 0.56 | 0.51 |
Chronic respiratory diseases | −0.06 | 0.29 | 0.66 |
Blood pressure (mmHg) | 0.07 | 0.12 | 0.48 |
Systolic | 0.10 | 0.004 | 0.46 |
Diastolic | 0.13 | 0.007 | 0.34 |
Waist (cm) | −0.04 | 0.008 | 0.78 |
Hip (cm) | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.65 |
Waist-hip ratio | −0.13 | 1.28 | 0.36 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.89 |
Bone density (%) | −0.18 | 0.007 | 0.18 |
Skeletal muscle mass index (kg/m2) | −0.20 | 0.08 | 0.14 |
Grip strength (kg) | −0.09 | 0.01 | 0.49 |
Gait speed (m/s) | −0.17 | 0.34 | 0.22 |
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Yamaguchi, Y.; Yamada, M.; Hapsari, E.D.; Matsuo, H. The Influence of Social Isolation on the Preventive Behaviors for Non-Communicable Diseases in Community-Dwelling Older Adults in Japan. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 8985. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238985
Yamaguchi Y, Yamada M, Hapsari ED, Matsuo H. The Influence of Social Isolation on the Preventive Behaviors for Non-Communicable Diseases in Community-Dwelling Older Adults in Japan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(23):8985. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238985
Chicago/Turabian StyleYamaguchi, Yuko, Masako Yamada, Elsi Dwi Hapsari, and Hiroya Matsuo. 2020. "The Influence of Social Isolation on the Preventive Behaviors for Non-Communicable Diseases in Community-Dwelling Older Adults in Japan" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 23: 8985. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238985