Concerted Cultivation and Adolescent Psychopathology over Time-Mediation of Parent-Child Conflict
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Concerted Cultivation in the Chinese Culture
1.2. Relationship among Concerted Cultivation, Parent–Child Conflict and Adolescent Psychopathology
1.3. Moderating Roles of Adolescent Gender, Family Intactness and Family Hardship
1.4. The Current Study
2. Materials and Method
2.1. Participants and Procedures
2.2. Instruments
2.2.1. Perceived Concerted Cultivation
2.2.2. Parent-Child Conflict
2.2.3. Adolescent Psychopathology
2.2.4. Demographic Characteristics
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Preliminary Analyses
3.2. The Measurement Model
3.3. The Structural Model
3.4. Moderating Effects of Adolescent Gender, Family Intactness and Family Economic Hardship
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Perceived Paternal/Maternal Concerted Cultivation Scale (PCC and MCC):
- My father/mother is nervous about my academic result.
- My father/mother tries with tremendous effort to improve my academic result.
- My father/mother frequently consults teachers on my academic performance.
- My father/mother involves intensively in preparing me for examination.
- My school report is my father’s/mother’s performance record.
- My father/mother fills out my schedule with numerous activities.
- I live under my father’s/mother’s schedule.
- My father/mother involves a lot in preparing my activities.
- My father/mother gives me less space and time for my own hobbies.
- My father/mother requires me to attend tutorials or skill-enhancement activities during school holidays.
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Time | Variables | Range | Mean | SD | Skewness | Kurtosis | Cronbach’s Alpha |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T1 | Paternal concerted cultivation | 1–6 | 2.30 | 0.95 | 0.74 | 0.40 | 0.90 |
Paternal academic involvement | 1–6 | 2.73 | 1.19 | 0.42 | −0.53 | 0.88 | |
Paternal provision of structured activities | 1–6 | 1.88 | 0.93 | 1.28 | 1.78 | 0.85 | |
Maternal concerted cultivation | 1–6 | 3.07 | 1.06 | 0.16 | −0.35 | 0.89 | |
Maternal academic involvement | 1–6 | 3.63 | 1.28 | -0.13 | −0.64 | 0.87 | |
Maternal provision of structured activities | 1–6 | 2.51 | 1.11 | 0.64 | 0.02 | 0.83 | |
Father-child conflict | 1–6 | 2.74 | 1.38 | 0.58 | −0.40 | 0.89 | |
Mother-child conflict | 1–6 | 3.00 | 1.40 | 0.34 | −0.66 | 0.90 | |
Adolescent psychopathology | 1–4 | 2.10 | 0.46 | 0.35 | 0.23 | 0.80 | |
Anxiety | 1–4 | 2.20 | 0.54 | 0.28 | 0.16 | 0.75 | |
Depression | 1–4 | 2.01 | 0.54 | 0.42 | 0.04 | 0.69 | |
T2 | Father-child conflict | 1–6 | 2.90 | 1.37 | 0.43 | −0.55 | 0.91 |
Mother-child conflict | 1–6 | 3.16 | 1.34 | 0.25 | −0.57 | 0.90 | |
Adolescent psychopathology | 1–4 | 2.10 | 0.46 | 0.35 | 0.24 | 0.81 | |
Anxiety | 1–4 | 2.18 | 0.54 | 0.34 | 0.26 | 0.76 | |
Depression | 1–4 | 2.03 | 0.51 | 0.45 | −0.01 | 0.67 |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.00 | |||||||||||||||||
| 0.92 *** | 1.00 | ||||||||||||||||
| 0.86 *** | 0.59 *** | 1.00 | |||||||||||||||
| 0.42 *** | 0.35 *** | 0.40 *** | 1.00 | ||||||||||||||
| 0.33 *** | 0.35 *** | 0.24 *** | 0.90 *** | 1.00 | |||||||||||||
| 0.41 *** | 0.26 *** | 0.50 *** | 0.87 *** | 0.56 *** | 1.00 | ||||||||||||
| 0.31 *** | 0.24 *** | 0.32 *** | 0.15 *** | 0.08** | 0.20 *** | 1.00 | |||||||||||
| 0.13 *** | 0.09 ** | 0.15 *** | 0.35 *** | 0.27 *** | 0.35 *** | 0.35 *** | 1.00 | ||||||||||
| 0.09 *** | 0.02 | 0.15 *** | 0.14 *** | 0.05 | 0.21 *** | 0.22 *** | 0.28 *** | 1.00 | |||||||||
| 0.11 *** | 0.07 * | 0.14 *** | 0.16 *** | 0.08 ** | 0.20 *** | 0.21 *** | 0.26 *** | 0.87 *** | 1.00 | ||||||||
| 0.05 | -0.03 | 0.13 *** | 0.08 *** | -0.00 | 0.16 *** | 0.17 *** | 0.23 *** | 0.86 *** | 0.50 *** | 1.00 | |||||||
| 0.22 *** | 0.20 *** | 0.20 *** | 0.06 * | 0.02 | 0.09 *** | 0.53 *** | 0.18 *** | 0.18 *** | 0.17 *** | 0.14 *** | 1.00 | ||||||
| 0.10 *** | 0.08 *** | 0.11 *** | 0.27 *** | 0.23 *** | 0.24 *** | 0.22 *** | 0.49 *** | 0.21 *** | 0.20 *** | 0.17 *** | 0.36 *** | 1.00 | |||||
| 0.04 | -0.00 | 0.09 *** | 0.13 *** | 0.06 * | 0.17 *** | 0.13 *** | 0.19 *** | 0.57 *** | 0.50 *** | 0.49 *** | 0.20 *** | 0.25 *** | 1.00 | ||||
| 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.07 ** | 0.13 *** | 0.07 ** | 0.16 *** | 0.14 *** | 0.19 *** | 0.49 *** | 0.52 *** | 0.34 *** | 0.21 *** | 0.25 *** | 0.88 *** | 1.00 | |||
| 0.04 | −0.01 | 0.09 ** | 0.09 *** | 0.04 | 0.14 *** | 0.08 ** | 0.15 *** | 0.50 *** | 0.35 *** | 0.52 *** | 0.14 *** | 0.18 *** | 0.86 *** | 0.51 *** | 1.00 | ||
| −0.15 *** | −0.13 *** | −0.13 *** | −0.06 * | −0.06 * | −0.04 | −0.04 | 0.02 | −0.04 | −0.01 | −0.07** | 0.02 | 0.02 | −0.07 ** | −0.03 | −0.10 *** | 1.00 | |
| 0.05* | 0.07* | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | −0.01 | −0.09 ** | −0.10 *** | −0.05 | −0.00 | −0.03 | −0.03 | −0.06 * | −0.04 | −0.06 * | −0.04 | 1.00 |
| 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | −0.02 | −0.03 | −0.03 | 0.01 | −0.04 | −0.04 | −0.01 | 0.02 | −0.03 | −0.05 | 0.16 *** |
Description | Model | x2 | df | CFI | RMSEA | Model Comparison | Δx2 | Δdf | ΔCFI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Measurement model: confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) | M1 | 5419.154 *** | 1660 | 0.909 | .038 | ||||
Measurement model: measurement invariance between time 1 and time 2 | |||||||||
Weak Invariance | M2a | 5442.969 *** | 1676 | 0.909 | 0.038 | M2a and M1 | 23.815 | 16 | 0.000 |
Strong Invariance | M2b | 5513.624 *** | 1696 | 0.907 | 0.038 | M2b and M2a | 70.654 *** | 20 | 0.002 |
Strict Invariance | M2c | 5607.317 *** | 1716 | 0.906 | 0.038 | M2c and M2b | 93.694 *** | 20 | 0.001 |
Structural model: | |||||||||
Mediation of parent-child conflict on the relationship between concerted cultivation and adolescent psychopathology | M3 | 5831.021 *** | 1830 | 0.904 | 0.037 | ||||
Invariant test model by adolescent gender | |||||||||
Unconstrained model | M4a | 7704.398 *** | 3546 | 0.900 | 0.027 | ||||
Constrained model | M4b | 8069.232 *** | 3675 | 0.894 | 0.028 | M4b and M4a | 364.834 *** | 129 | 0.006 |
Equality constraint: Paternal concerted cultivation (T1) → Adolescent psychopathology (T2) | M4c | 7705.027 *** | 3547 | 0.900 | 0.027 | M4c and M4a | 0.629 | 1 | 0.000 |
Equality constraint: Maternal concerted cultivation (T1) → Adolescent psychopathology (T2) | M4d | 7704.658 *** | 3547 | 0.900 | 0.027 | M4d and M4a | 0.260 | 1 | 0.000 |
Equality constraint: Paternal concerted cultivation (T1) → Father-child conflict (T2) | M4e | 7707.627 *** | 3547 | 0.900 | 0.027 | M4e and M4a | 3.229 | 1 | 0.000 |
Equality constraint: Paternal concerted cultivation (T1) → Mother-child conflict (T2) | M4f | 7707.778 *** | 3547 | 0.900 | 0.027 | M4f and M4a | 3.380 | 1 | 0.000 |
Equality constraint: Maternal concerted cultivation (T1) → Father-child conflict (T2) | M4g | 7704.961 *** | 3547 | 0.900 | 0.027 | M4g and M4a | 0.563 | 1 | 0.000 |
Equality constraint: Maternal concerted cultivation (T1) → Mother-child conflict (T2) | M4h | 7706.657 *** | 3547 | 0.900 | 0.027 | M4h and M4a | 2.259 | 1 | 0.000 |
Equality constraint: Father-child conflict (T2) → Adolescent psychopathology (T2) | M4i | 7705.212 *** | 3547 | 0.900 | 0.027 | M4i and M4a | 0.814 | 1 | 0.000 |
Equality constraint: Mother-child conflict (T2) → Adolescent psychopathology (T2) | M4j | 7704.854 *** | 3547 | 0.900 | 0.027 | M4j and M4a | 0.455 | 1 | 0.000 |
Variables | Factor Loading | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Time 1 | Time 2 | |||
1st Order | 2nd Order | 1st Order | 2nd Order | |
Paternal concerted cultivation | ||||
Paternal academic involvement | 0.73 | |||
Item 1 | 0.65 | |||
Item 2 | 0.77 | |||
Item 3 | 0.75 | |||
Item 4 | 0.83 | |||
Item 5 | 0.79 | |||
Paternal provision of structured activities | 0.97 | |||
Item 1 | 0.79 | |||
Item 2 | 0.75 | |||
Item 3 | 0.73 | |||
Item 4 | 0.78 | |||
Item 5 | 0.64 | |||
Maternal concerted cultivation | ||||
Maternal academic involvement | 0.72 | |||
Item 1 | 0.67 | |||
Item 2 | 0.79 | |||
Item 3 | 0.72 | |||
Item 4 | 0.84 | |||
Item 5 | 0.79 | |||
Maternal provision of structured activities | 0.92 | |||
Item 1 | 0.77 | |||
Item 2 | 0.65 | |||
Item 3 | 0.73 | |||
Item 4 | 0.79 | |||
Item 5 | 0.59 | |||
Father-child conflict | ||||
Item 1 | 0.83 | 0.86 | ||
Item 2 | 0.95 | 0.95 | ||
Item 3 | 0.79 | 0.83 | ||
Mother-child conflict | ||||
Item 1 | 0.86 | 0.86 | ||
Item 2 | 0.96 | 0.96 | ||
Item 3 | 0.78 | 0.77 | ||
Adolescent pathology | ||||
Anxiety | 0.81 | 0.76 | ||
Item 1 | 0.58 | 0.65 | ||
Item 2 | 0.61 | 0.66 | ||
Item 3 | 0.63 | 0.66 | ||
Item 4 | 0.43 | 0.47 | ||
Item 5 | 0.53 | 0.48 | ||
Item 6 | 0.40 | 0.40 | ||
Item 7 | 0.64 | 0.64 | ||
Depression | 0.82 | 0.81 | ||
Item 1 | 0.49 | 0.51 | ||
Item 2 | 0.56 | 0.59 | ||
Item 3 | 0.60 | 0.58 | ||
Item 4 | 0.34 | 0.30 | ||
Item 5 | 0.37 | 0.31 | ||
Item 6 | 0.58 | 0.56 | ||
Item 7 | 0.46 | 0.49 |
Description | Model | x2 | df | CFI | RMSEA | Model Comparison | Δx2 | Δdf | ΔCFI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Invariant test model by family intactness | |||||||||
Unconstrained model | M5a | 7869.717 *** | 3598 | 0.893 | 0.028 | ||||
Constrained model | M5b | 8043.332 *** | 3677 | 0.892 | 0.028 | M5b and M5a | 173.615 ** | 129 | 0.001 |
Equality constraint: Paternal concerted cultivation (T1) → Adolescent psychopathology (T2) | M5c | 7870.356 *** | 3549 | 0.893 | 0.028 | M5c and M5a | 0.639 | 1 | 0.000 |
Equality constraint: Maternal concerted cultivation (T1) → Adolescent psychopathology (T2) | M5d | 7869.773 *** | 3549 | 0.893 | 0.028 | M5d and M5a | 0.057 | 1 | 0.000 |
Equality constraint: Paternal concerted cultivation (T1) → Father-child conflict (T2) | M5e | 7869.920 *** | 3549 | 0.893 | 0.028 | M5e and M5a | 0.203 | 1 | 0.000 |
Equality constraint: Paternal concerted cultivation (T1) → Mother-child conflict (T2) | M5f | 7869.844 *** | 3549 | 0.893 | 0.028 | M5f and M5a | 0.128 | 1 | 0.000 |
Equality constraint: Maternal concerted cultivation (T1) → Father-child conflict (T2) | M5g | 7869.885 *** | 3549 | 0.893 | 0.028 | M5g and M5a | 0.169 | 1 | 0.000 |
Equality constraint: Maternal concerted cultivation (T1) → Mother-child conflict (T2) | M5h | 7869.854 *** | 3549 | 0.893 | 0.028 | M5h and M5a | 0.137 | 1 | 0.000 |
Equality constraint: Father-child conflict (T2) → Adolescent psychopathology (T2) | M5i | 7869.816 *** | 3549 | 0.893 | 0.028 | M5i and M5a | 0.100 | 1 | 0.000 |
Equality constraint: Mother-child conflict (T2) → Adolescent psychopathology (T2) | M5j | 7869.733 *** | 3549 | 0.893 | 0.028 | M5j and M5a | 0.016 | 1 | 0.000 |
Invariant test model by economic hardship | |||||||||
Unconstrained model | M6a | 7360.654 *** | 3548 | 0.893 | 0.029 | ||||
Constrained model | M6b | 7513.664 *** | 3677 | 0.892 | 0.028 | M6b and M6a | 153.010 | 129 | 0.001 |
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Leung, J.T.Y. Concerted Cultivation and Adolescent Psychopathology over Time-Mediation of Parent-Child Conflict. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 9173. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249173
Leung JTY. Concerted Cultivation and Adolescent Psychopathology over Time-Mediation of Parent-Child Conflict. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(24):9173. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249173
Chicago/Turabian StyleLeung, Janet T. Y. 2020. "Concerted Cultivation and Adolescent Psychopathology over Time-Mediation of Parent-Child Conflict" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 24: 9173. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249173