Effects of Sulfamethoxazole and 2-Ethylhexyl-4-Methoxycinnamate on the Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction Processes and N2O Release in Sediments in the Yarlung Zangbo River
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals and Reagents
2.2. Sample Collection and Pretreatment
2.3. Slurry Incubation Experiments for the Removal of SMX and EHMC
2.4. Slurry Incubation Experiments for the Nitrate Reduction Processes
2.5. Slurry Incubation Experiments of N2O Release
2.6. Gene Expression Assay
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Adsorption and Degradation of SMZ and EHMC in the Slurries
3.2. Influence of SMX and EHMC on the Nitrate Reduction Processes
3.3. Influence of SMX and EHMC on N2O Release
3.4. The Influence of SMX and EHMC on the Abundance of NirS and NosZ
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter in Water | Value | Parameter in Sediment | Value |
---|---|---|---|
Temperature (°C) | 13.7 | TN (mg kg−1) | 354.87 |
NH4+ (mg L−1) | 0.34 | NH4+ (mg kg−1) | 4.69 |
NO3− (mg L−1) | 0.45 | NO3− (mg kg−1) | 2.37 |
NO2− (mg L−1) | 0.07 | NO2− (mg kg−1) | 0.21 |
SMX (ng L−1) | 2.3 | SMX (ng g−1) | 4.36 |
EHMC (ng L−1) | 0.9 | EHMC (ng g−1) | 16.4 |
Target | Primer | Nucleotide Sequence | Thermal Profile | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
nirS | cd3aF | GTSAACGTSAAGGARACSGG | 95 °C, 3 min, 1cycle, 95 °C for 30 s, 56 °C for 30 s, 72 °C for 30 s, 40 cycles | [36] |
R3cd | GASTTCGGRTGSGTCTTGA | |||
nosZ | nosZ2F | CGCRACGGCAASAAGGTSMSSGT | 95 °C, 3 min, 1 cycle, 95 °C for 30 s, 56 °C for 30 s, 70 °C for 30 s, 40 cycles | [37] |
nosZ2R | CAKRTGCAKSGCRTGGCAGAA |
Varibles | Denitrification | Anammox | nirS | nosZ | N2O Release |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Denitrification | 1 | 0.403 ** | 0.684 ** | 0.622 ** | −0.409 ** |
Anammox | 1 | 0.437 ** | 0.570 ** | −0.519 ** | |
nirS | 1 | 0.789 ** | −0.514 ** | ||
nosZ | 1 | −0.657 ** | |||
N2O release | 1 |
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Xu, H.; Lu, G.; Xue, C. Effects of Sulfamethoxazole and 2-Ethylhexyl-4-Methoxycinnamate on the Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction Processes and N2O Release in Sediments in the Yarlung Zangbo River. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 1822. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17061822
Xu H, Lu G, Xue C. Effects of Sulfamethoxazole and 2-Ethylhexyl-4-Methoxycinnamate on the Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction Processes and N2O Release in Sediments in the Yarlung Zangbo River. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(6):1822. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17061822
Chicago/Turabian StyleXu, Huiping, Guanghua Lu, and Chenwang Xue. 2020. "Effects of Sulfamethoxazole and 2-Ethylhexyl-4-Methoxycinnamate on the Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction Processes and N2O Release in Sediments in the Yarlung Zangbo River" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 6: 1822. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17061822