Self-Selected Pacing During a World Record Attempt in 40 Ironman-Distance Triathlons in 40 Days
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethical Approval
2.2. Athlete
2.3. Event, Equipment, Support, and Measurements
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Cycling and Running were Predictive for Overall Race Time, But not Swimming
4.2. The Aspect of Experience and Age
4.3. Sinusoidal Change in Overall Race Time
4.4. The Aspect of Heart Rate and Energy Expenditure
4.5. Energy Expenditure, Loss in Body Mass and Body Weight as Predictor in Performance
4.6. The Influence of Environmental Factors (e.g., Wind Speed and Temperature) and Recovery
4.7. Limitations
4.8. Practical Applications
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Times | Mean (±SD) | Min–Max | CV | R2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Swimming split time | 75.6 (1.4) | 71.8–79.9 | 1.9 | 0.63 |
Cycling split time | 368.4 (11.3) | 347.0–399.8 | 3.1 | 0.00 |
Running split time | 205.9 (9.5) | 192.6–230.0 | 4.6 | 0.41 |
Overall time | 666.5 (21.0) | 628.5–720.0 | 3.1 | 0.13 |
Measured Variables | Mean (±SD) | Min–Max |
---|---|---|
Energy expenditure (total kcal) | 7780.2 (319.5) | 7159.0–8815.0 |
Average heart rate in cycling (bpm) | 106.9 (6.3) | 99.0–131.0 |
Average heart rate in running (bpm) | 116.5 (5.6) | 108.0–136.0 |
Sleep duration (min) | 405.5 (37.6) | 232.0–478.0 |
Morning body weight (kg) | 74.8 (1.3) | 73.6–77.8 |
Independent Variables | Standardized β | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Model 1 Swimming | Sleep time | −0.09 | 0.59 |
Body weight | −0.46 | 0.06 | |
Wind speed | 0.47 | 0.01 | |
Overall time previous day | 0.10 | 0.57 | |
Temperature | −0.18 | 0.40 | |
Model 2 Cycling | Swimming time | −0.01 | 0.96 |
Sleep time | 0.04 | 0.68 | |
Body weight | −0.08 | 0.57 | |
Wind speed | 0.29 | 0.01 | |
Overall time previous day | 0.51 | <0.01 | |
Temperature | 0.12 | 0.33 | |
Average heart rate | −0.61 | <0.01 | |
Model 3 Running | Swimming time | 0.221 | 0.12 |
Cycling time | 0.11 | 0.53 | |
Sleep time | −0.13 | 0.25 | |
Body weight | 0.64 | <0.01 | |
Wind speed | −0.01 | 0.97 | |
Overall time previous day | 0.08 | 0.61 | |
Temperature | 0.19 | 0.25 | |
Average heart rate | −0.50 | 0.02 | |
Model 4 Overall | Swimming time | 0.04 | 0.29 |
Cycling time | 0.60 | <0.01 | |
Running time | 0.45 | <0.01 | |
Sleep time | −0.01 | 0.71 | |
Body weight | 0.14 | 0.01 | |
Wind speed | −0.05 | 0.14 | |
Overall time previous day | 0.02 | 0.69 | |
Energy expenditure | 0.00 | 0.99 | |
Temperature | 0.02 | 0.59 |
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Share and Cite
Sousa, C.V.; Pereira, R.W.; Rosemann, T.; Nikolaidis, P.T.; Knechtle, B. Self-Selected Pacing During a World Record Attempt in 40 Ironman-Distance Triathlons in 40 Days. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 2390. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072390
Sousa CV, Pereira RW, Rosemann T, Nikolaidis PT, Knechtle B. Self-Selected Pacing During a World Record Attempt in 40 Ironman-Distance Triathlons in 40 Days. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(7):2390. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072390
Chicago/Turabian StyleSousa, Caio Victor, Rinaldo Wellerson Pereira, Thomas Rosemann, Pantelis T. Nikolaidis, and Beat Knechtle. 2020. "Self-Selected Pacing During a World Record Attempt in 40 Ironman-Distance Triathlons in 40 Days" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 7: 2390. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072390