Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Is Associated with Age-Specific Alterations in Markers of Adiposity in Offspring: A Narrative Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Review of the Evidence
2.1. Longitudinal Growth Outcomes in Offspring Born to GDM vs. Control Group
2.2. Pattern of Weight Gain among GDM–F1
2.3. Body Mass Index Trajectory in GDM–F1
2.4. Skin Fold Thickness Trajectory among GDM–F1
2.5. The Relationship between Early Life Nutritional Modifiable Factors and Trajectory of Growth among GDM–F1
2.6. Pre- and Post-Natal Maternal Diet
2.7. Feeding Patterns (Including Breast Feeding (BF))
3. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Category | Subcategory | Weight Gain (Exact Time Point) | Skinfold Thickness (Exact Time Point) | Body Mass Index (Exact Time Point) |
---|---|---|---|---|
0–5 y | 0 (Birth) | Increased (birth) [17] b [22,33,37] c | No difference (birth) [17,19] b [32,33] **× | |
0–6 m | Decreased (0–6 m) [14] * Increased (0–6 m) [30] a Increased (11 d to 8–12 w) [29] | No difference (11 day) [29] Increased (6 w) [30] a× Increased (8–12 w) [29] No difference (4 m) [30] a× | No difference (1–6 m) [19] × | |
0–1 y | No difference (0–1 y) [20,21] d | No difference (6 m–1 y) [19] | ||
1 y | No difference (1 y) [30] a [17,21,22] c× | No difference (1 y) [33] **× [22] × Increased (1 y) [17] b | ||
2 y | Increased (2 y) [22] only girl × | No difference (2 y) [33] **× | ||
3 y | No difference (3 y) [33] ** [26] d [12] | |||
4 y | No difference (4 y) [26] d [12] × | |||
2–5 y | No difference (2–5 y) [19] × | |||
5–10 y | 5 y | Increased (5 y) [22] c× | Increased (5 y) [22] only girl × | |
≥ 7 y | Increased (7 y) [18] b× [37] (only girl) | Increased (7 y) [18] b× [12] **× | ||
Increased (7.1 –8.7 y) [35] fj | No difference (7.1–8.7 y) [35] **j× | |||
5–10 y | Increased (9. 5 y) [34] c (only girl) | Increased (9.5 y) [34] (only girl) | ||
Increased (5–9 y) [26] d× | ||||
No difference (5–10 y) [19] ** | ||||
≥ 10 y | Increased (median 11 y) [38] | Increased (10–14 y) [11] b× No difference (14–17 y) [16] e× |
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Shafaeizadeh, S.; Harvey, L.; Abrahamse-Berkeveld, M.; Muhardi, L.; M. van der Beek, E. Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Is Associated with Age-Specific Alterations in Markers of Adiposity in Offspring: A Narrative Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 3187. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093187
Shafaeizadeh S, Harvey L, Abrahamse-Berkeveld M, Muhardi L, M. van der Beek E. Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Is Associated with Age-Specific Alterations in Markers of Adiposity in Offspring: A Narrative Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(9):3187. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093187
Chicago/Turabian StyleShafaeizadeh, Shila, Louise Harvey, Marieke Abrahamse-Berkeveld, Leilani Muhardi, and Eline M. van der Beek. 2020. "Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Is Associated with Age-Specific Alterations in Markers of Adiposity in Offspring: A Narrative Review" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 9: 3187. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093187