Comparison of Asbestos Victim Relief Available Outside of Conventional Occupational Compensation Schemes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Recognition Rate
2.2. Number of Recognized Claims
2.3. Compensation Amount
3. Results
3.1. System
3.2. Qualification
3.3. Expiration Date
3.4. Disease
3.5. Type of Benefits
3.6. Judgement Criteria
3.6.1. Medical Criteria
3.6.2. Exposure Criteria
3.7. Appeals
3.8. Recognition Rate
3.9. Number of Recognized Claims
3.10. Compensation Amount
4. Discussion
4.1. System
4.2. Qualification
4.3. Expiration Date
4.4. Disease
4.5. Type of Benefits
4.6. Judgement Criteria
4.7. Appeals
4.8. Recognition Rate
4.9. Number of Recognized Claims
4.10. Compensation Amount
4.11. Limitations of Research and Necessity of Follow-Up Research
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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FRA | JPN | BEL | NLD | GBR | KOR | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Name | Fund for Compensation of Asbestos Victims (FIVA) | Asbestos Health Damage Relief System | Asbestos Fund (AFA) | Non-work-related Compensation for Asbestos Victims (TNS) | Diffuse Mesothelioma Payments (the ‘2008’ scheme) | Asbestos Injury Relief System | |
The office concerned | Ministry of Solidarity and Health | Ministry of Environment | Ministry of Social Affairs and Public Health | Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management | Department for Work and Pensions | Ministry of Environment | |
When established | 2002 | 2006 | 2007 | 2007 | 2008 | 2011 | |
Occupational ARD compensation system | Worker’s Compensation System + FIVA | Worker’s Compensation System | Worker’s Compensation System | Compensation for Asbestos Victims (TAS) | Worker’s compensation system, Diffuse Mesothelioma Payment Scheme (DMPS) | Worker’s Compensation System | |
Litigation rights after compensation | impossible | possible | impossible | possible | possible | possible | |
Budget | worker’s compensation system + government | new fund (worker’s compensation subject + asbestos-related businesses + government) | worker’s compensation system + government + social security system + other donations | social insurance bank (SVB) | recovery of benefits | new fund (worker’s compensation subject + asbestos-related businesses + government) | |
Qualification | When alive | up to 10 years (from the date of the first medical certificate relevant asbestos) | not required | not required | at least 10 consecutive years in NLD, 10 to 60 years prior to the application | up to 1 year (from the date of diagnosis) | not required |
After death | up to 15 years (from date of death) | up to 6 months (from date of death) | impossible | up to 1 year (from date of death) | up to 15 years (from date of death) | ||
Reapply after recognized | possible | possible | possible | impossible | only mesothelioma | possible | |
Apply after compensated by occupational ARD compensation system | possible (if received compensation from worker’s compensation system not from FIVA). | impossible | possible | impossible | impossible | impossible | |
Expiration date | no limit | 5 years | no limit | lump sum | lump sum | 5 years | |
Disease | Open type | ○ | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ |
List | mesothelioma, lung cancer, asbestosis, diffuse pleural thickening, pleural plaque, pericardial plaque, exudative pleuritis, pleural tumors | mesothelioma, lung cancer, asbestosis, diffuse pleural thickening | mesothelioma, lung cancer, laryngeal cancer, asbestosis, diffuse pleural thickening | mesothelioma, asbestosis | mesothelioma | mesothelioma, lung cancer, asbestosis, diffuse pleural thickening |
FRA | JPN | BEL | NLD | GBR | KOR | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Recognized when alive | (i) loss of income (ii) medical expenses (total) (iii) other expenses (ex. house repair) (iv) disability compensation (v) psychological compensation (vi) physical compensation (ex. pain) (vii) loss of pleasure (ex. inability to do leisure activities) (viii) aesthetic damage (ex. scar) | (i) medical expenses (partial) (ii) subsistence allowance (iii) funeral expenses | (i) medical expenses (partial) (ii) lump sum (only mesothelioma) (iii) subsistence allowance (flat rate for mesothelioma, in proportion to % of the disability for the other disease) (iv) attendance allowance | lump sum | lump sum | (i) medical expenses (partial) (ii) subsistence allowance (iii) funeral expenses |
Recognized after death | (i) loss of income (ii) medical expenses (total) (iii) other expanses (iv) lump sum (v) funeral expenses | (i) lump sum (ii) funeral expenses | (i) lump sum (ii) funeral expenses | (i) lump sum (ii) funeral expenses |
Mesothelioma | Lung cancer | Asbestosis | Diffuse Pleural Thickening | |
---|---|---|---|---|
FRA | Check only the diagnosis | Nondisclosure | ||
JPN | Check only the diagnosis | One of 1–3 is satisfied. 1. Pleural plaque (on chest X-ray or CT *) + fibrosis (on chest X-ray) 2. One of the following satisfied (1) pleural plaque (on chest X-ray and CT *) (2) on chest CT *, enlargement of pleural plaque is more than 1/4 of the inner chest wall on either side. 3. One of the following satisfied (1) 5000 or more asbestos bodies/1 g (dry tissue) (2) 20,000 or more asbestos fibers (5 μm or more)/1 g (dry tissue) (3) 50,000 or more asbestos fibers (1 μm or more)/1 g (dry tissue) (4) 5 or more asbestos bodies/1 mL (bronchoalveolar lavage fluid) (5) asbestos body on lung tissue section | Both 1–2 are satisfied. 1. Fibrosis (on chest X-ray) 2. One of the following satisfied (1) VC ** less than 60% (2) VC ** 60–80%, FEV1 *** / FVC **** less than 70%, FEV1 *** less than 50% (3) VC ** 60–80% + PaO2 ***** less than 60 torr or significant increase of AaDO2 ******** | One of 1–3 satisfied 1. On chest X-ray, if one side thick, more than 1/2 of the inner chest wall + On chest CT *, not a pleural plaque 2. On chest x-ray, if both side thick, more than 1/4 of the inner chest wall + On chest CT *, not a pleural plaque 3. If 1, 2 not known by pleural effusion, (1), (2) and one of (3), (4), (5) satisfied (1) pleural effusion irregularity (2) crow’s feet sign or round atelectasis (3) air in pleural effusion (4) stabilization of pleural effusion volume (5) decrease in thoracic capacity |
BEL | Check only the diagnosis | Electron microscope: 2 million or more asbestos fibers (5 μm or more)/1 g (dry tissue) Optical microscope: 5 or more asbestos bodies/1 mL (bronchoalveolar lavage fluid), 5000 or more asbestos bodies/1 g (dry tissue) | ||
NLD | Check only the diagnosis | Both 1–2 are satisfied. 1. On chest CT *, fibrosis more than 5% 2. One of the following satisfied (1) FVC **** less than 70% (2) DLCO ****** less than 70% (3) VO2max ******* less than 22 mL/kg/min | ||
GBR | Check only the diagnosis | |||
KOR | Check only the diagnosis | One of 1–3 is satisfied. 1. Asbestosis 2. Pleural plaque 3. One of the following satisfied (1) 5000 or more asbestos bodies/1 g (dry tissue) (2) 20,000 or more asbestos fibers (5 μm or more)/1 g (dry tissue) (3) 50,000 or more asbestos fibers (1 μm or more)/1 g (dry tissue) (4) 5 or more asbestos bodies/1 mL (bronchoalveolar lavage fluid) | Fibrosis (on chest CT *) | One of 1–2 is satisfied. 1. All of the following satisfied (1) on chest CT *, the length of the chest wall is more than 5 cm (2) on chest CT *, the length in the craniocaudal direction is 8 cm or more (3) on chest CT *, more than 3 mm thick 2. One of the following satisfied (1) FVC **** less than 50% (2) FEV1 *** less than 45% (3) DLCO ****** less than 45% |
Radiological Criteria | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Early type | One of 1–8 pulmonary fibrosis findings is satisfied + less than 1/3 of the outside of the lung filled. | 1. Subpleural dotlike or branching opacities 2. Subpleural curvilinear opacities 3. Parenchymal bands 4. Intralobular interstitial thickening 5. Interlobular septal thickening 6. Bronchiectasis 7. Ground-glass opacities. 8. Honeycombing | ||
Progressive type | One of 1–8 pulmonary fibrosis findings is satisfied + more than 1/3 of the outside of the lung filled. | |||
Pulmonary Function Test Criteria | ||||
Grade | FVC * | FEV1 ** | DLCO *** | |
Normal | One of FVC *, FEV1 **, DLCO *** is satisfied | More than 80% | More than 80% | More than 75% |
Mild | 50%–80% | 45%–80% | 45%–75% | |
Severe | Less than 50% | Less than 45% | Less than 45% | |
Final criteria (radiological criteria + pulmonary function test criteria) | ||||
Grade 1 | Radiological criteria: early type + PFT **** criteria: normal | |||
Grade 2 | One of 1-2 is satisfied | 1. Radiological criteria: early type + PFT **** criteria: mild 2. Radiological criteria: progressive type + PFT **** criteria: normal | ||
Grade 3 | One of 1–3 is satisfied | 1. Radiological criteria: early type + PFT **** criteria: severe 2. Radiological criteria: progressive type + PFT **** criteria: mild 3. Radiological criteria: progressive type + PFT **** criteria: severe |
Mesothelioma | Lung Cancer | Asbestosis | Diffuse Pleural Thickening | Total | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Actual | Corrected | Actual | Corrected | Actual | Corrected | Actual | Corrected | Actual | Corrected | |
(a) | ||||||||||
FRA * | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 85,889 | 2334 |
JPN | 11,860 | 434 | 1911 | 70 | 78 | 4 | 163 | 9 | 14,012 | 518 |
BEL | 2287 | 53 | 309 | 7 | 513 | 12 | 3109 | 72 | ||
NLD ** | 1213 | 22 | 1 | 0 | 1214 | 22 | ||||
GBR | 5220 | 73 | 5220 | 73 | ||||||
KOR | 1074 | 398 | 623 | 231 | Total | 2 | 1 | Total | ||
2436 | 902 | 4137 | 1553 | |||||||
Excluding asbestosis grades 2 and 3 | Excluding asbestosis grades 2 and 3 | |||||||||
243 | 90 | 1944 | 721 | |||||||
(b) | ||||||||||
FRA *** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 10,843 | 1571 |
JPN | 4129 | 655 | 1541 | 245 | 206 | 33 | 212 | 34 | 6088 | 966 |
NLD | 1431 | 88 | 108 | 7 | 1539 | 95 | ||||
GBR | 7900 | 411 | 630 | 33 | 2960 | 154 | 1380 | 72 | 12,870 | 670 |
KOR | 276 | 307 | 326 | 362 | Total | 2 | 2 | Total | ||
1076 | 1196 | 1680 | 1867 | |||||||
Excluding asbestosis grades 2 and 3 | Excluding asbestosis grades 2 and 3 | |||||||||
158 | 176 | 762 | 847 |
Mesothelioma | Lung Cancer | Asbestosis | Diffuse Pleural Thickening | Total | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
COC * | AVR ** | COC */AVR ** | COC * | AVR ** | COC */AVR ** | COC * | AVR ** | COC * /AVR ** | COC * | AVR ** | COC * /AVR ** | COC * | AVR ** | COC * /AVR ** | |
JPN | 1638 | 2491 | 0.66 | 1098 | 443 | 2.48 | 188 | 18 | 10.44 | 137 | 75 | 1.83 | 3061 | 3027 | 1.01 |
NLD *** | 353 | 147 | 2.40 | 38 | 1 | 38 | 391 | 148 | 2.64 | ||||||
GBR | 6640 | 1260 | 5.27 | 6640 | 1260 | 5.27 | |||||||||
KOR | 39 | 237 | 0.16 | 37 | 289 | 0.13 | 57 | Total | 0 | 2 | 0 | 133 | Total | ||
1019 | 0.06 | 1547 | 0.09 | ||||||||||||
Excluding asbestosis grades 2 and 3 | Excluding asbestosis grades 2 and 3 | ||||||||||||||
101 | 0.56 | 629 | 0.21 |
Mesothelioma | Lung Cancer | Asbestosis | Diffuse Pleural Thickening | |
---|---|---|---|---|
FRA | 4.60 | 4.92 | 1.75 | 1.03 |
JPN | 1.35 | |||
NLD * | 0.73 | 0.78 | ||
GBR | 1.03 | |||
KOR | 1.46 | 1.45 | Total | 1.06 |
0.40 | ||||
Grade 1 | ||||
1.28 | ||||
Grade 2 | ||||
0.48 | ||||
Grade 3 | ||||
0.20 |
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Lee, K.M.; Godderis, L.; Furuya, S.; Kim, Y.J.; Kang, D. Comparison of Asbestos Victim Relief Available Outside of Conventional Occupational Compensation Schemes. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 5236. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105236
Lee KM, Godderis L, Furuya S, Kim YJ, Kang D. Comparison of Asbestos Victim Relief Available Outside of Conventional Occupational Compensation Schemes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(10):5236. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105236
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Kwang Min, Lode Godderis, Sugio Furuya, Yoon Ji Kim, and Dongmug Kang. 2021. "Comparison of Asbestos Victim Relief Available Outside of Conventional Occupational Compensation Schemes" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 10: 5236. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105236