Trajectories of Psychopathology According to Continuation or Discontinuation of Child Abuse: A Longitudinal Observational Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Data and Participants
2.2. Child Abuse
2.3. Group Classification
2.4. Psychopathology
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Socio-Demographic Characteristics
3.2. Comparison of Psychopathology between Groups According to Changes in Abuse Experiences
3.3. Short-term Effects of Childhood Abuse Experiences
3.4. Long-Term Effects of Childhood Abuse Experiences
4. Discussion
4.1. Acute and Chronic Effects of Childhood Abuse Experiences
4.2. Discontinuation of Childhood Abuse and Changes in Psychopathology
5. Limitations and Implications
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total (N = 354) | Abuse (N = 102) | No Abuse (N = 252) | Subgroup Analysis | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PA (N = 58) | No PA (N = 296) | EA (N = 82) | No EA (N = 272) | ||||||||
n(%) | n(%) | n(%) | p | n(%) | n(%) | p | n(%) | n(%) | p | ||
Age (mean (SD)) | 10.05 (0.799) | 10.10 (0.827) | 10.02 (0.788) | 0.44 | 9.97 (0.837) | 10.06 (0.792) | 0.43 | 10.03 (0.791) | 10.10 (0.826) | 0.51 | |
Sex | Male | 167 (47.2%) | 53 (52.0%) | 114 (45.2%) | 0.25 | 34 (58.6%) | 133 (44.9%) | 0.06 | 44 (53.7%) | 123 (45.2%) | 0.21 |
Female | 187 (52.8%) | 49 (48.0%) | 138 (54.8%) | 24 (41.4%) | 163 (55.1%) | 38 (46.3%) | 149 (54.8%) | ||||
Academic achievement | High | 22 (6.2%) | 11 (10.8%) | 11 (4.4%) | 0.02 * | 7 (12.1%) | 15 (5.1%) | 0.10 | 9 (11.0%) | 13 (4.8%) | 0.08 |
Middle | 254 (71.8%) | 75 (73.5%) | 179 (71.0%) | 41 (70.7%) | 213 (72.0%) | 59 (72.0%) | 195 (71.7%) | ||||
Low | 78 (22.0%) | 16 (15.7%) | 62 (24.6%) | 10 (17.2%) | 68 (23.0%) | 14 (17.1%) | 64 (23.5%) | ||||
Alcohol use | No | 342 (96.6%) | 100 (98.0%) | 242 (96.0%) | 0.35 | 57 (98.3%) | 285 (96.3%) | 0.70 | 80 (97.6%) | 262 (96.3%) | 0.74 |
Yes | 12 (3.4%) | 2 (2.0%) | 10 (4.0%) | 1 (1.7%) | 11 (3.7%) | 2 (2.4%) | 10 (3.7%) | ||||
Smoking | No | 351 (99.2%) | 102 (100.0%) | 249 (98.8%) | 0.27 | 58 (100.0%) | 293 (99.0%) | 1.00 | 82 (100.0%) | 269 (98.9%) | 1.00 |
Yes | 3 (0.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (1.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (1.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (1.1%) | ||||
Chronic disease | No | 306 (86.4%) | 89 (87.3%) | 217 (86.1%) | 0.78 | 49 (84.5%) | 257 (86.8%) | 0.67 | 72 (87.8%) | 234 (86.0%) | 0.85 |
Yes | 48 (13.6%) | 13 (12.7%) | 35 (13.9%) | 9 (15.5%) | 39 (13.2%) | 10 (12.2%) | 38 (14.0%) | ||||
Cohabitants (caregiver) | Both parents | 337 (95.2%) | 99 (97.1%) | 238 (94.4%) | 0.30 | 55 (94.8%) | 282 (95.3%) | 0.75 | 80 (97.6%) | 257 (94.5%) | 0.38 |
Single parent /Grandparents | 17 (4.8%) | 3 (2.9%) | 14 (5.6%) | 3 (5.2%) | 14 (4.7%) | 2 (2.4%) | 15 (5.5%) | ||||
Family income | <60th percentile | 304 (85.9%) | 85 (83.3%) | 219 (86.9%) | 0.38 | 48 (82.8%) | 256 (86.5%) | 0.54 | 68 (82.9%) | 236 (86.8%) | 0.37 |
>60th percentile | 50 (14.1%) | 17 (16.7%) | 33 (13.1%) | 10 (17.2%) | 40 (13.5%) | 14 (17.1%) | 36 (13.2%) | ||||
Basic livelihood security | No | 331 (93.5%) | 94 (92.2%) | 237 (94.0%) | 0.51 | 52 (89.7%) | 279 (94.3%) | 0.24 | 76 (92.7%) | 255 (93.8%) | 0.80 |
Yes | 23 (6.5%) | 8 (7.8%) | 15 (6.0%) | 6 (10.3%) | 17 (5.7%) | 6 (7.3%) | 17 (6.3%) |
Total Abuse | Subgroup Analysis | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PA | EA | ||||||||||||
N | O | D | C | N | O | D | C | N | O | D | C | ||
N = 207 | N = 45 | N = 65 | N = 37 | N = 268 | N = 28 | N = 45 | N = 13 | N = 227 | N = 45 | N = 58 | N = 24 | ||
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||
INT | Baseline | 48.01 (8.21) | 48.90 (8.41) | 53.02 * (12.05) | 53.68 * (11.83) | 48.57 (8.83) | 49.74 (9.17) | 54.94 * (13.03) | 52.90 (9.02) | 48.08 (8.13) | 50.15 (9.82) | 53.98 * (12.52) | 52.89 (11.89) |
Follow-up | 47.49 (7.85) | 54.24 * (10.98) | 50.47 (9.45) | 57.31 * (12.28) | 48.62 (8.66) | 55.48 * (12.72) | 51.57 (9.57) | 59.04 * (13.92) | 47.75 (7.95) | 54.79 * (11.59) | 51.44 * (10.09) | 57.63 * (12.44) | |
EXT | Baseline | 48.09 (7.54) | 50.35 (10.92) | 52.79 * (11.99) | 54.76 * (12.54) | 48.89 (8.89) | 49.87 (9.69) | 55.36 * (13.05) | 52.91 (9.33) | 48.41 (7.93) | 51.05 (12.77) | 52.90* (12.26) | 55.16 * (9.83) |
Follow-up | 47.17 (6.23) | 54.78 * (12.23) | 49.74 (9.59) | 59.44 * (13.66) | 48.45 (8.06) | 54.70 * (13.24) | 53.04 * (12.59) | 58.29 * (11.32) | 47.39 (6.80) | 56.15 * (12.44) | 50.72 (10.43) | 59.84 * (13.35) |
Unadjusted | Adjusted | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
INT | EXT | INT | EXT | ||||||
OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | ||
Abuse | No | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ||||
Yes | 3.42 | 1.58–7.40 | 3.17 | 1.45–6.93 | 3.19 * | 1.40–7.25 | 3.13 * | 1.34–7.28 | |
PA | No | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ||||
Yes | 3.29 | 1.60–6.76 | 2.95 | 1.45–6.00 | 3.89 * | 1.84–8.24 | 2.86 * | 1.38–5.94 | |
EA | No | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ||||
Yes | 4.28 | 2.13–8.59 | 3.37 | 1.71–6.62 | 4.44 * | 2.19–9.00 | 3.17 * | 1.59–6.30 |
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
INT | EXT | INT | EXT | INT | EXT | |||||||||
RR | 95% CI | RR | 95% CI | aRR | 95% CI | aRR | 95% CI | aRR | 95% CI | aRR | 95% CI | |||
Abuse | N | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | |||||||
O | 8.16 * | 2.91–22.88 | 14.50 * | 4.31–48.81 | 9.32 * | 3.20–27.16 | 15.49 * | 4.48–53.54 | 9.36 * | 3.20–27.40 | 14.93 * | 4.26–52.40 | ||
D | 2.38 | 0.73–7.77 | 5.16 * | 1.41–18.90 | 2.26 | 0.67–7.62 | 4.36 * | 1.15–16.51 | 2.09 | 0.61–7.13 | 4.23 * | 1.12–16.07 | ||
C | 6.67 * | 2.18–20.34 | 24.36 * | 7.30–81.32 | 6.82 * | 2.11–21.98 | 20.06 * | 5.84–68.98 | 6.29 * | 1.93–20.48 | 16.41 * | 4.64–58.00 | ||
Subgroup Analysis | PA | N | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ||||||
O | 9.29 * | 3.52–24.49 | 6.54 * | 2.36–18.15 | 9.94 * | 3.51–28.17 | 6.59 * | 2.21–19.64 | 9.75 * | 3.41–27.88 | 6.72 * | 2.22–20.31 | ||
D | 1.40 | 0.38–5.13 | 4.24 * | 1.65–10.92 | 1.54 | 0.40–5.89 | 3.79 * | 1.40–10.24 | 1.44 | 0.37–5.52 | 3.26 * | 1.18–9.03 | ||
C | 8.72 * | 2.37–32.08 | 8.72 * | 2.37–32.08 | 9.28 * | 2.34–36.77 | 8.46 * | 2.15–33.25 | 9.40 * | 2.37–37.37 | 6.58 * | 1.58–27.45 | ||
EA | N | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | |||||||
O | 6.92 * | 2.63–18.23 | 11.92 * | 4.14–34.33 | 7.40 * | 2.71–20.24 | 11.69 * | 3.93–34.78 | 7.45 * | 2.71–20.45 | 10.97 * | 3.65–32.96 | ||
D | 2.79 | 0.95–8.20 | 4.25 * | 1.32–13.71 | 2.56 | 0.84–7.76 | 3.34 | 1.00–11.18 | 2.34 | 0.76–7.22 | 3.15 | 0.93–10.64 | ||
C | 4.84 * | 1.37–17.14 | 22.10 * | 6.94–70.34 | 4.95 * | 1.34–18.38 | 19.00 * | 5.74–62.93 | 4.43 * | 1.17–16.78 | 15.17 * | 4.42–52.09 |
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Jung, E.; Ahn, J.-S.; Han, J.; Kim, M.-H. Trajectories of Psychopathology According to Continuation or Discontinuation of Child Abuse: A Longitudinal Observational Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 8968. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18178968
Jung E, Ahn J-S, Han J, Kim M-H. Trajectories of Psychopathology According to Continuation or Discontinuation of Child Abuse: A Longitudinal Observational Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(17):8968. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18178968
Chicago/Turabian StyleJung, Eunji, Joung-Sook Ahn, Jaehyun Han, and Min-Hyuk Kim. 2021. "Trajectories of Psychopathology According to Continuation or Discontinuation of Child Abuse: A Longitudinal Observational Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 17: 8968. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18178968