Relationship among Gross Motor Function, Parenting Stress, Sense of Control, and Depression in Mothers of Children with Cerebral Palsy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measures
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Multicollinearity Test
3.2. Preliminary Path Analysis
3.3. Model Fit
3.4. Path Coefficients
3.5. Direct and Indirect Effects of Variables
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Frequency | % | Depression | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | t/F | p | |||
Children with CP | ||||||
Sex | ||||||
Male | 138 | 55.9 | 35.98 | 8.58 | −0.391 | 0.696 |
Female | 109 | 44.1 | 36.43 | 9.59 | ||
Type of CP | ||||||
Spastic | 209 | 84.6 | 36.11 | 9.13 ab | 3.158 | 0.044 |
Dykentic | 30 | 12.1 | 38.40 | 8.23 a | ||
Ataxic | 8 | 3.2 | 29.50 | 5.63 b | ||
GMFCS level | ||||||
Level 1 | 47 | 19.0 | 33.83 | 8.18 | 1.501 | 0.190 |
Level 2 | 36 | 14.5 | 36.11 | 10.44 | ||
Level 3 | 26 | 10.5 | 36.92 | 7.64 | ||
Level 4 | 36 | 14.5 | 34.78 | 7.71 | ||
Level 5 | 102 | 41.5 | 37.66 | 9.49 | ||
Mothers | ||||||
Education level | ||||||
Graduate school | 5 | 2.0 | 32.20 | 7.85 | 0.502 | 0.681 |
University | 160 | 64.8 | 36.68 | 9.59 | ||
High school | 45 | 8.2 | 35.67 | 8.76 | ||
Middle school | 2 | 0.8 | 38.50 | 14.85 | ||
Missing data | 35 | 14.2 |
Category | Gross Motor Function | Parenting Stress | Self-Control | Depression |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gross motor function | - | −0.203 ** | 0.289 ** | −0.176 ** |
Parenting stress | - | −0.547 ** | 0.535 ** | |
Self-control | - | −0.513 ** |
df | χ2 | NFI a | CFI b | RMSEA c |
---|---|---|---|---|
6 | 11.063 | 0.953 | 0.977 | 0.059 |
Path | β a | Standard Error | Critical Ratio | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Children age → Gross motor function | −0.084 | 0.005 | −1.335 | 0.182 |
Children sex → Gross motor function | −0.101 | 0.041 | −1.592 | 0.111 |
Children age → Parenting stress | −0.018 | 0.244 | −0.28 | 0.78 |
Children sex → Parenting stress | 0.030 | 2.123 | 0.477 | 0.633 |
Gross motor function → Parenting stress | −0.202 | 3.284 | −3.205 | 0.001 |
Parenting stress → Self-control | −0.509 | 0.013 | −9.559 | <0.001 |
Gross motor function → Self-control | 0.185 | 0.692 | 3.484 | <0.001 |
Self-control → Depression | −0.314 | 0.131 | −5.142 | <0.001 |
Parenting stress → Depression | 0.363 | 0.033 | 5.938 | <0.001 |
Predictor Variables | Independent Variables | Total Effect | Direct Effect | Indirect Effect | R2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Children’s sex | Gross motor function | −0.101 | −0.101 | - | 0.017 |
Children’s age | −0.084 | −0.084 | - | ||
Children’s sex | Parenting stress | 0.050 | 0.030 | 0.020 | 0.043 * |
Children’s age | 0.000 | −0.018 | 0.017 | ||
Gross motor function | −0.202 * | −0.202 * | - | ||
Children’s sex | Self-control | −0.044 | - | −0.044 | 0.332 * |
Children’s age | −0.015 | - | −0.015 | ||
Gross motor function | 0.288 * | 0.185 * | 0.103 * | ||
Parenting stress | −0.509 * | −0.509 * | - | ||
Children’s sex | Depression | 0.032 | - | 0.032 | 0.355 * |
Children’s age | 0.005 | - | 0.005 | ||
Gross motor function | −0.164 * | - | −0.164 * | ||
Parenting stress | 0.523 * | 0.363 * | 0.160 * | ||
Self-control | −0.314 * | −0.314 * | - |
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Park, E.-Y. Relationship among Gross Motor Function, Parenting Stress, Sense of Control, and Depression in Mothers of Children with Cerebral Palsy. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 9285. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179285
Park E-Y. Relationship among Gross Motor Function, Parenting Stress, Sense of Control, and Depression in Mothers of Children with Cerebral Palsy. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(17):9285. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179285
Chicago/Turabian StylePark, Eun-Young. 2021. "Relationship among Gross Motor Function, Parenting Stress, Sense of Control, and Depression in Mothers of Children with Cerebral Palsy" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 17: 9285. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179285